Oranges and lemons trade

Oranges and lemons trade

---

Suggested links

Cereal trade
Currants and raisins trade
Metals trade
Salt trade
Slave trade
Textile trade
Timber trade
Wine trade

---

Cases in HCA 3/47 mentioning oranges and lemons

Lemmons (= lemon)

"A matter of unladeing and receaving of a parcell of 46 chests of lemmons Laden in the Anne and Joyce" (HCA 3/47 f. 480r (orig), f. 477r. (new); "Satterday 24th October 1657")

---

Cases in HCA 13/69 mentioning oranges and lemons

"the aclate Manuel Lewis Carrero was and is a Spanish borne and a subiect of the King of Spaine and lives in Cadiz and there keepes a house and family and is a merchant trading in lemon and other merchandizes which he deposeth, himselfe living in Cadiz and having good acquaintance with the sayd Carrero" (HCA 13/69 no f.))

---

Cases in HCA 13/70 mentioning oranges and lemons

Oranges and lemons laded at Oporto in Portugal

• "there was at

Porto Port aforesaid a hamburgher or fflemish shipp laden with
Oranges, lemmons, shomack and other Commodities, which shipp to the best
of this deponents judgement and estimation being fully laden did draw about 10
ort 11. foot water, and saith that the said shipp being so laden went towards
the barr of Porta Port aforesaid, (about 4. or 5. dayes before the John
descended thither) designed as this deponent was then credibly informed to
passe the said barr, but findeing no conveniemt season so to doe, and the fruit
on board her being in a very perishable condition, the Master and Company thereof
were constrained by reason of their necessitated stay to throw much of the said
fruit overboard, this deponent seeing and observing the said fruit floating
upon the water, And saith That this deponent saw the said shipp John
and the flemmish or hamburgher Vessell aforesaid passe the said
barr togeather upon or about the last day of Aprill
last past/." (HCA 13/70 f.169r)

---

Cases in HCA 13/71 mentioning oranges and lemons

Oranges and lemmons seized by the French

XXXX

• "...which were noe part of the XXXdd 2500000) alsoe

boxes of sweet meates and many gammons of bacon, and some earthenware
with the said shipp for his owne account, which oranges and lemmons, sweete
meates, bacon, and earthen ware together with his clothes taken away by the
said ffrenchmen, were worth the summe of fiftie pounds sterling, all which
hee utterly lost by the said seizure."

- HCA 13/71 f.275v Case: On the behalfe of Robert Turner and companie Merchants owners and freighters of the ketch Elizabeth (whereof John Love was master and on behalfe of the said Love and companie; Deposition: 2. William Childe of the parish of Saint Mary at Hill London Salter, aged 27 (Signature of "William Childs" at end of deposition); Date: 16/06/1656 ("same day"). Transcribed by Colin Greenstreet.

Oranges and lemons laden at Saint Remo, near Genoa

The twenty year old mariner, Joseph Smith, of Ipswich in Suffolk, had been a member of the Christopher's crew on a voyage from Saint Remo, near Genoa, to London. He gave details of goods laden onto the Christopher by its captain, Daniel Bradley, at Saint Remo. These included several parcels of wines, oranges and lemons. The ship was surprised by a Brest man of war on the return journey, and Bradley's goods were lost.

• "To the second Interrogatory This deponent saith that the sayd Daniel Bradley

the Master of the sayd shipp did lade on board the sayd shipp in the moneth
of December 1655 last past att Saint Remo aforesayd severall parcells
of wynes, lemmons and Oranges for his owne benefit and aććompt
this deponent being present att the lading thereof and seeing the same
brought on board. And otherwise he cannot depose."

- HCA 13/71 f.149r Case: On behalfe of the said Daniell Bradley; Deposition: 3. Joseph Smith of Ipswich in the County of Suffolk mariner Late one of the Company of the sayd shipp Christopher aged 20 (Signature of "Joseph Smith" at end of deposition); Date: 12/04/1656. Transcribed by Colin Greenstreet

Oranges and lemmons laded at Veales Road, Spaine

XXXX

• "To the 9th hee saith that towards the latter end of September 1655

and after the difference aforesayd the Culpepper arlate an English
shipp came into Veales Roade empty to seeke a freight, and this
deponent and Mr Robert Swale English Marchant, did betwixt them
freight and lade the sayd shipp Culpepper (the arlate Jacob Reynolds Commander
with a Cargoe of Orranges and Lemmons and Raisens, with which hee
the sayd Reynolds departed quietly departed thense notwithstanding the
difference aforesayd, and arived safely therewith in England,"

- HCA 13/71 f.606v Case: Browning and Company Owners of the Plaine dealeing agianst Mr Bulkley; Deposition: 1. Thomas Baudes of London Merchant aged thirty yeares; Date: 01/07/1656. Transcribed by Colin Greenstreet

Oranges and lemmons laded at Saint Lucars, Spain, for the account of George Robinson, servant of Martin Noell, trading independently

XXXX

• "To the second and third and fourth articles hee saith that the said George

Robinson being this deponents covenanted servant, and soe not free to
trade for himselfe without this deponents permission, hee in or about
October last told this deponent that hee had a desire to freight
a shipp at Rotterdam to goe for Spaine to lade oranges and lemmons
for this port and for his owne accompt, and desired this deponents
leave thereto, which this deponent graunted, and was acquainted with
his writing to the said Rocus Parvé about the said affreightment
and with the answers of the said Rocus and his signifying that hee
had freighted a shipp called the Annes of Brill for the said
voyage upon account of the said Robinson and company. And this
deponent hath bin often informed that the said shipp came to Saint
Lucars and tooke in the said oranges and lemmons upon the said
account, to be brought into the downes, where shee was to expect
further orders from the said Robinson. And otherwise hee cannot depose.

To the fifth hee saith that hee hath often heard the said Robinson
say to the effect arlate, and verily beleeveth the same to be true
And otherwise hee cannot depose."

- HCA 13/71 f.214r Case: Complaint of the said Robinson against the Annes of Brill; Deposition: 3. Martin Noell of London Merchant aged 42 yeares; Date: 04/06/1656. Transcribed by Colin Greenstreet.

---

Cases in HCA 13/73 mentioning oranges and lemons

Oranges

• "Thomas Taylor and Loys Taylor his wife were, Comonly accounted and reputed the true and Lawfull owners and Proprietors of Eight and twenty Ceder Chests, which contained and were filled (as this deponent verily beleeveth) with Tobaccoe; and alsoe sixty six Rolls of Tobaccoe, and of foure more Rolls of Tobaccoe, and of a quantity of Oranges" (HCA 13/73 Part One))

---

Initial literature review of oranges and lemons in early modern period

• Where did lemons originate?

"Lemon The fruit of Citrus medica, a tree whose original home may have been in the north of India. It only reached the Mediterranean towards the end of the 1st century AD, whemn the Romans discovered a direct sea route from the sourthern end of the Red Sea to India. Tolkowsky...adduces complex arguments in favour of this view (as against the earlier view that the lemon did not arrive until the 10th century), and refers to frescos found at Pompeii (and therefore prior to AD 70) which show what he regards as indisputably lemons; also a mosaic pavement probably from Tusculum...of about 100 AD in which a lemon is shown with an orange and a citron. Thus the fruit which can reasonably be regarded as the most important for European cookery was a comparatively late arrival. Nor was its use in cookery, as an acid element, appreciated at once. Nor, indeed, was there a Latin word for lemon. It seems likely that in classical Rome the fruit was treated as a curiosity and a decoration, and that lemon trees were not grown in Italy until later. The Arabs seem to have been largely responsible for the spread of lemon cultivation in the Mediterranean region...Arab traders also spread the lemon eastward to China...During the Middle Ages lemons were rare and expensive in N. Europe, and available only to the rich...Lemons reached the New World...in 1493, when Columbus, on his second voyage, established a settlement on Haiti."

"Lemons were one of the most sought after fruits in early modern Europe. Being associated with sunny southern Europe they were considered healthy, much the same way we think of Mediterranean foods today. Their juice was used as a condiment, especially on fish because its acidity was thought to cut through the "gluey humors" abounding in seafood, making them more digestible. Northern Europeans generally had to import lemons, but eventually a way to grow them indoors was devised. Lemon peel, grated or candied lemon was also a typical garnish."

Geoffrey Doye, 'Oranges and Lemons: The Rise and Fall of the West Country Shipping Involvement with the Fruit Trade', in Maritime South West 2006

Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820: Lemon related entries

Nancy Cox and Karin Dannehl, 'Leech - Lewkes hemp', Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820 (2007). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=58809 Date accessed: 08 January 2013.

Lemon lozenges

LEMON lozenges have been noted offered for sale only once and in circumstances that leave it unclear whether they were intended for medicinal purposes or merely as a SWEETMEAT. Possibly this was intentional. Although lemon was known to help relieve sore throats and the like, it also has a pleasant taste [Tradecards (1800)].

Not found in the OED online

Found in units of small BOX

See also LOZENGE.
Sources: Tradecards.

Lemon pickle

LEMON - PICKLE was apparently not the same as PICKLED LEMONS. It seems to have been a relish or a SAUCE, rather than merely a way of preserving lemons as in a typical pickle. This distinction may be observed in the way this product was advertised; for example one London retailer listed it under 'Sauces' [Tradecards (19c.)].

Mrs Raffald seems to have regarded it highly, She not only named it specifically in the title of her 'English House-keeper', but also gave the recipe on page 1 [Raffald (1772)]. In effect her recipe was for a highly spiced essence, intended for adding to 'fish sauce and made dishes' where a teaspoonful would suffice.

OED online earliest date of use: 1769

Found in units of BOTTLE

Sources: Newspapers, Tradecards.
References: Raffald (1772).

Lemon vinegar

A modern recipe suggests adding the juice of LEMON and the thinly pared rind to VINEGAR and leaving it to steep for some days before straining and returning the rind to the liquor to continue adding flavour [Picklenet (2000-1)]. This is probably similar to recipes used in former times. Lemon vinegar would have been used with salads and anywhere else where a flavoured vinegar was desirable. ORANGE VINEGAR was probably made and used in the same way.

Not found in the OED online

Sources: Tradecards.
References: Picklenet (2000-1).

Lemon water

[lemon-water]

Martha Bradley described lemon water as 'a very pleasant Cordial' that 'strengthens the Stomach'. Her recipe involved distilling the rinds of LEMON and a few grains of MUSK in FRENCH BRANDY and then adding SUGAR, ROSE WATER and ORANGE FLOWER WATER [Bradley (1756 facs.1996-8)]. Fairly large quantities were imported; for example, in 1694-5 six TON and three HOGSHEAD came into London, far more than ORANGE WATER [Houghton]. Since John Houghton seems to distinguish LEMON JUICE from the water, it is unlikely the two terms were confused.

Not found in the OED online

Found imported in HOGSHEAD, TUN Found rated by GALLON, TON

See also AQUA LIMONIS.
Sources: Houghton, Rates.
References: Bradley (1756, facs. 1996-8)."

Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820: Orange related entries

Nancy Cox and Karin Dannehl, 'Opening comb - Orange oil', Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities, 1550-1820 (2007). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=58832 Date accessed: 08 January 2013

Orange

[orringe; orring; orrange; oringe; oring; orenge]

Orange is the name given to the FRUIT from several varieties of the Citrus genus. Citrus sinensis gives sweet oranges, generally called the CHINA ORANGES, known in this country at least since the mid seventeenth century, while Citrus aurantium gives the bitter SEVILLE ORANGES, which had been known for much longer. Both species are better suited to the Mediterranean region but it became fashionable to grow the ORANGE TREE in this country even though hardiness was doubtful. The resulting oranges were possibly better flavoured by comparison, since they could be picked when ripe and did not have to withstand a long voyage. Although oranges had a limited geographical market in England when John Houghton was writing, he did note that in LONDON they were 'carried in the eye of all about the streets, we see they are very much consumed by the ordinary people' [Houghton]. He argued that it was both unfamiliarity with the fruit, and the difficulty of transporting them to the provinces 'without great charge, and the rotting of many', that prevented more widespread availability. In the same letter he made the further point that damaged oranges, like other products past their best, were sold very cheaply in the capital, effectively reducing the potential loss merchants of a slow market would otherwis have to face [Houghton]; [Houghton].

Houghton, however, was not entirely right in his analysis of the market in the provinces. Oranges were available in some shops even before 1600, for example [Inventories (1592)]. Evidence in one probate inventory even suggests that oranges may have been available in the streets of Shrewsbury along with other typical products sold that way [Inventories (1669)]. Nevertheless, at least one northern housewife felt it necessary to order them from London [Diaries (Fell)] and the record of 'orringes and leemons being frost bitten' [Inventories (1688)], show that keeping the stock free from harm posed a problem. After 1700, oranges in the shops became fairly common, and some held quite large stocks, for example [Inventories (1740)]; [Inventories (1790)].

While the market in the provinces struggled to supply at a price most could afford, the well-to-do were making oranges part of life. Samuel Pepys recounted many tales; of 'Mrs Jennings, one of the Duchess's maids' dressing herself up 'like an orange wench' to the amusement of all [Diaries (Pepys)], of the expense (and apparently the perceived necessity) of buying oranges at the theatre at 6d apiece [Diaries (Pepys)], and the purchase of oranges and oysters for a supper party [Diaries (Pepys)]. In the eighteenth century, both Italian warehousemen and seedsmen used the orange or the orange tree in their shop signs, for example by Barto Valle and brothers in Haymarket (1751) [Heal (1957, new ed. 1988)], while another retailer actually called his premises the 'Orange Shop near the Jack of Newbury' [Newspapers (1709)]. Later in the century a foreign visitor commented how 'pyramids of apples and oranges' were used by confectioners as part of a display that dazzled the eye [Diaries (Lichtenberg)].

The products made from oranges and ORANGE FLOWER were far more important than the fruits themselves and the range is indicated in the list of imports in the 1690s given by John Houghton [Houghton]. The most important were ESSENCE OF ORANGES, ORANGE OIL and ORANGE PEEL. More were processed in this country, while the recipe books show that housewives too preserved oranges in the form of MARMALADE and CANDIED ORANGE in variety. Oranges were also used in LIQUEURS and similar alcoholic drinks. These were sometimes given a French name, as in 'Creme de fine Orange' [Tradecards (1800)].

Orange was not a particularly popular colour during the period, though various items including TEXTILEs, CERAMICs and HABERDASHERY were so described.

OED earliest date of use: 13--

As a colour: Found describing BROADCLOTH, CUP, FILLETING, GIRTH, HANDKERCHIEF, PADUA, SAUCER, TABBY, TAMMY, THREAD, TWIST, WEB
Found in units of BOX, CHEST, CWT, LB, QUARTER Found imported from the Guernsey, Portugal, Straits, Spain Found rated by M, THOUSAND Found measured by the CASE, CHEST

See also CREME, NEROLI OIL, ORANGE NECKLACE, ORANGE PEA, ORANGE SHRUB, ORANGE VINEGAR.
Sources: Diaries, Houghton, Inventories (early), Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late), Rates, Recipes, Tradecards.
References: Enys (n.d.), 114 (1705), Heal (1957, new ed. 1988), Simmonds (1904), II, 259, Oxford food plants, 84-5, Toussaint-Samat (1987).

Orange chips

[orange chipps]

Orange chips were what we would now called CANDIED - ORANGE PEEL. Mrs Eales gave instructions on making 'China chips', and the only difference between them and modern candied peel is that the rind for the older version was cut in 'long chips, but very thin, with none of the White'. Although Mrs Ealse recipe suggested the use of CHINA ORANGES, she also said that SEVILLE ORANGES 'would do the same Way, if you like them with a little Sugar, and very bitter [Eales (1718, facs. 1985)].

OED earliest date of use: 1769

Found used to make 'Orange Chips Syrup' Found in units of CWT, QUARTER, LB

See also CANDIED ORANGE.
Sources: Inventories (late).
References: Eales (1718, facs. 1985).

Orange flower

[orange-flower; orange-flower; fleurs d'orange; fleur d'orange]

The white flower of the ORANGE TREE was used in PERFUMERY to make, for example, ORANGE FLOWER BUTTER, ORANGE FLOWER POWDER, ESSENCE of ORANGE FLOWER, NEROLI OIL and ORANGE FLOWER WATER. They were also used in cooking; for example, Mrs Eales gave a recipe 'To candy Orange-flowers' [Eales (1718, facs. 1985)] and Mrs Kettilby one to 'To make a Marmalade' [Recipes (Ketilby)]. Orange flowers were also used in LIQUEURS and similar alcoholic drinks. These were sometimes given a French name, as in 'Creme Royale de Fleurs d'Orange au vin de Champagne' and 'Syrop a la Fleur D'orange' [Tradecards (1800)].

In 1705 the Cornish merchant, Valentine Enys, complained that he was unable to purchase dried orange flowers alias 'asajar' 'for ladies' use to scent their clothes' [Enys (1997)], and in so doing he revealed where some came from and how some were given an extended life by drying. John Houghton, possibly also highlighting the difficulties of imported supplies, when he wrote that some grew ORANGE TREEs in this country specifically for their flowers, making thereby ' a great deal of money' [Houghton].

Note that in recipes the petals were usually referred to as 'leaves', for example [Recipes (Bradley, R.)].

OED earliest date of use: 1626

Found described as DRY
Found in units of OZ Found imported by C

See also CREME.
Sources: Houghton, Recipes, Tradecards.
References: Eales (1718, facs. 1985), Enys (1997).

Orange flower butter

[orange jessamy and rose butter; orange butter; orange and jessamin butter]

Probably a purified BUTTER made by allowing SWEET BUTTER to melt in the sun and to re-solidify, and repeating the process until the butter turned white. The product was called 'May butter' or 'BUTIRUM Majale'. It was used as an UNGUENT, but was never of much importance in medicine [OED, Butter]. However, when grease for the hair became fashionable, it may have been used as the foundation of a product scented with ORANGE FLOWER similar to ORANGE FLOWER POMATUM, though LARD is a possible alternative. The single reference to 'Orange butter' in the Dictionary Archive [Newspapers (1770)], was almost certainly made with orange flowers, and was not the confection called 'Orange butter' by Mrs Eales [Eales (1718, facs. 1985)].

John Houghton suggested that some ORANGE TREEs were grown commercially in this country in order to have the flowers 'to make some butter ... to help at a dead lift', that is when imports were unavailable [Houghton].

Not found in the OED

Found described as NEW

See also JESSAMY BUTTER, ORANGE FLOWER OINTMENT.
Sources: Houghton, Newspapers, Tradecards.
References: Eales (1718, facs. 1985).
Orange flower candy

An unusual SWEET MEAT flavoured with ORANGE FLOWER. Orange flowers gave off a strong scent important in PERFUMERY, but only one example of their culinary use in the Dictionary Archive has been noted [Inventories (1740)]. However, Mrs Eales gave a recipe 'To candy Orange-flowers' [Eales (1718, facs. 1985)].

Sources: Inventories (late).
References: Eales (1718, facs. 1985).

Orange flower ointment

[orange-flower oyntment; orange flower oyntment]

An OINTMENT made from ORANGE FLOWER. It has been noted in the Book of Rates of 1657 [Rates (1657)], but not in the shops, though it may be the same as UNGUENTUM AUREUM.

Not found in the OED

Found among the DRUGS, rated by the POUND

See also ORANGE FLOWER, BUTTER, ORANGE FLOWER POMATUM.
Sources: Rates.

Orange flower pomatum

A POMATUM scented with ORANGE FLOWER. This preparation was probably substantially the same as ORANGE FLOWER BUTTER and ORANGE FLOWER OINTMENT, though it may have had a different base.

Sources: Tradecards.
Orange flower powder

[orange-flower powder]

A POWDER, most probably a HAIR POWDER perfumed with ORANGE FLOWER.

Sources: Tradecards.
Orange flower water

[water orange flower; oringe flower water; oring flower water; orange-flower-water; orange-flower water; orange, rose, or clear water; orange rose or clear water; orange flower ditto; orange flower and rose-water; orange flower and rose water; ditto orange flower]

There were two meanings to the term. The first was the aqueous solution of ORANGE FLOWERS, that is the fragrant watery distillate left after the preparation of NEROLI OIL from the blossoms of SEVILLE ORANGES. It was used extensively in TOILETRY and PERFUMERY. The second is a distillation or CORDIAL made from orange blossom and used medicinally or as a pleasant drink. Unless there is clear evidence to the contrary, it is the first of these two meanings that is found in the Dictionary Archive, though the orange-flower-water added to CHOCOLATE by some according to John Houghton[Houghton], is probably of the latter type. He claimed it gave the chocolate 'a most excellent taste' [Houghton].

'Orange water' has been noted in [Houghton] and [Inventories (1708)], which is probably the same.

OED earliest date of use: 1591

Found described as BEST Found used to make LOZENGEs Found in units of QUART Found imported by CHEST, GALLON, JAR Found among the DRUGS in the Rate Books rated by the GALLON

See also AQUA NAPHAE.
Sources: Diaries, Houghton, Newspapers, Rates, Recipes, Tradecards.

Orange juice

[juice of oranges; juce of oring]

Orange juice was probably not available commercially for sale unprocessed. The editors of Pepys Diary believe it was drunk but rarely at the time when in 1669 he drank about a pint, commenting 'here they drink the juice as wine, with sugar, and it is very fine drink; but, it being new, I was doubtful whether it might not do me hurt' [Diaries (Pepys)]; [Pepys (1971-1983)]. It is just possible that Pepys was in fact drinking a weak version of ORANGE SHRUB. The single entry noted of orange juice in a retailer's stock [Inventories (1682)] must have been processed in some way or it would not have been included in the inventory as it would not have kept.

OED earliest date of use: 1838

Found in units of LB

Sources: Diaries, Inventories (mid-period).
References: Pepys (1971-1983).

Orange necklace

[oringe necklace]

Two examples of orange NECKLACEs appeared among the stock of retailers at a time when the ORANGE itself was becoming increasingly available and fashionable [Inventories (1679)]; [Inventories (1682)]. It is possible that these were records merely of necklaces coloured orange, but it remains at least a possibility that each bead was in the form of an orange, reflecting the growing interest in the fruit at the time.

Sources: Inventories (mid-period).

Orange oil

[orange, jessamine, and perfumed oil; orange jessamine and perfumed oils; oil of oranges]

The OED suggests that this term was applied to the ESSENTIAL OIL distilled from ORANGE PEEL. This may well be what was intended in some cases, but the contexts of some of the examples in the Dictionary Archive suggest that it may have been used also in the early modern period for NEROLI OIL. In the late-seventeenth century, John Houghton's lists of imports show that a small quantity of oil of oranges was imported from Holland, used according to him chiefly 'as a scent to pomatum' [Houghton]. In Latin, orange oil was labelled OLEUM AURANTIORUM. Another type of oil, called 'Oil of petit grain', was distilled from the leaves [Leyel (1937, pb 1987)].

OED earliest date of use: 1863

Found imported from Holland by the GALLON Found among the DRUGS in the 1784 Rate Book, rated by the POUND

Sources: Houghton, Rates.
References: Leyel (1937, pb 1987).

---

Sources

---

Primary sources

Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies

Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies: Merchant's accounts for oranges, lemons and other produce (incl chestnuts and shipboard provisions) D-X1212/29 1648-1649
- Foolscap paper booklet

Contents:
Purchased at Lanedo [near Santoria and Santander, north coast of Spain] and shipped by Thomas Hopkins and Company
Volume labelled "Accounts Humphrey Morice"
Sir Thomas Lee, 2nd bt, married Alice, daughter and heir of Thomas Hopkins of London, merchant
Judith, wife of Sir George Lee (1700-1758), (brother of Sir Thomas Lee 3rd bt) was the daughter of Humphrey Morice
The will of Elizabeth wife of Sir Thomas Lee 3rd bt was proved by her brother-in-law Humphrey Morice and her husband
{LXXII}

---

Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies Service

Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies Service: City of Chester Town Clerk: Miscellaneous papers [no ref. or date]: PRIVATE LEGAL PRACTICE; Correspondence and other papers ZTCP [n.d.]: Letter from Tho. Lowe from Salop to Mr. George Binion, grocer in Chester, concerning the price of the lemons last sent to him ZTCP/8/17 31 Jan. 1700/1

Ditto: Letter from Thomas Lowe at Salop. to George Bennion, of Chester, grocer, being an advice note for 100 lemons at £1, these being all that he could spare as the stocks at Bristol are exhausted and there will be no more until a fresh supply arrives ZTCP/8/19 2 April 1702

Ditto: Letter from the same to the same. An advice note for 'China orringes' and lemons. He is daily expecting 4 chests of China oranges but there are no lemons in Bristol ZTCP/8/20 5 April 1702

Ditto: Letter from Thomas Lowe at Salop to George Bennion of Chester, grocer, comprising an advice note for lemons and 'China orringes' ZTCP/8/21 26 Jan. 1702/3

Ditto: Letter from the same to the same. An advice note for 1 large chest of China oranges. The last cost £3 in Bristol. He fears that those coming from Bristol will not be good enough for Binion but does not know until he sees them but they are a good deal cheaper ZTCP/8/22 3 Feb. 1702/3

Ditto: Letter from the same to the same. An advice note for best lemons and 'Sivill orranges' which he sells for 2/ per 1b more than he gives ZTCP/8/23 16 Feb. 1702/3

Ditto: Letter from the same to the same. An advice note for 'Sivill' oranges. He cannot supply lemons or any more. At present he has 6 chests coming up and fears they 'neaped' by the way ZTCP/8/24 18 March 1702/3

---

Corporation of London Records Office

Corporation of London Records Office: Billingsgate Market: General administration CLA/010/AD/01 [n.d.]: Petition of Fishermen to Court of Aldermen that since Billingsgate was made a free market they are hindered and oppressed by great vessels loaded with salt and oranges and that their small boats are even sunk. CLA/010/AD/01/003 1699/1700

---

Derbyshire Record Office

Derbyshire Record Office: Gell family of Hopton [D258/21/25 - D258/36/8]: [no title] D258/23/19/7 1662/3
- Contents:
Letter - John Gell to his son [John Gell] - inclosed is sent his wife very rare bills for physic, and after she knows the use of them she will put them all down in Derby - the pills for electuary and the spleen pill, will recover the old fat woman at Wirksworth, Elizabeth Bunting - the time to begin with her is the end of February - by the bearer he will receive a hundred of rare pippins and 50 Seville oranges - oysters begin to mend, but not good enough to send as yet. 19 Jan

---

East Sussex Record Office

East Sussex Record Office: Archive of Rye Corporation [RYE/45 - RYE/51]: General Files: Letters of Process, Letters Testimonial, correspondence and other papers RYE/47 1387-1722: Page of four copy certificates issued by the mayor and jurats on behalf of mariners RYE/47/149/5 25 Mar - 20 Apr 1654
- Contents: Item 3: 3 Captain William Gregory, commander of the Grace of Faversham, concerning the release to Hamburg of a cargo of lemons and oranges taken (under letters of marque) on the Hope of Lübeck, Peter Gottings master; 15 Apr 1654

---

Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service, Staffordshire Record Office

Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service, Staffordshire Record Office: Correspondence of the Leveson, later Leveson-Gower, family, Dukes of Sutherland, of Trentham, Staffordshire: [no title] D868/4/34b 6 March 1657/8
- Contents:
London. [S. Charlton to Sir Richard Leveson]
H.M.C. Also he has sent Leveson by carrier a box of 8 Bermoodos [Bermuda] oranges and 6 Civill [?Seville] oranges, the former in papers and the fairest he ever saw. The rinds are chiefly for preserving.

Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service, Staffordshire Record Office: Correspondence of the Leveson, later Leveson-Gower, family, Dukes of Sutherland, of Trentham, Staffordshire: [no title] D868/5/53 19 Feb. 1660/1
- Contents:
Thomas Langley to his uncle [John Langley.] Concerning the preparation of a coach which Langley is supervising. Thanks for a pie.
Has sent boxes of oranges to his uncle and to Sir Richard Leveson.

---

TNA

Chancery

C 6/387/72 Short title: Best v Annison. Plaintiffs: Cuthbert Best salter of London. Defendants: James Annison merchant of London. Subject: Payment of the defendant's share of the losses of a business venture to bring a cargo of oranges to London from Seville, Andalusia, Spain: mentions William Russell. Document type: bill, answer. Dates: 1679-1685

C 213/171/45 Chancery: Petty Bag Office: Association Oath Rolls. LONDON. City companies. Fruiterers. 1696

---

Exchequer

E 351/678 Exchequer: Pipe Office: Declared Accounts. CUSTOMS, &c.: FARMERS OF DUTIES ON TIMBER, GLASS, EARTHENWARE, ORANGES, LEMONS, &c.: Sir R. Paston. 29 September 1667 - 25 March 1674

---

PROB

PROB 4/2829 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Fryer, Richard, Citizen and Fruiterer of London. 03 December 1688
PROB 4/5921 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Nicholls, Henry, of St Buttolph without Bishopsgate, London, Citizen and Fruiterer. 18 November 1667
PROB 4/11462 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Fryer, Jerome, of St. Martin the Vintry, London, Citizen & Fruiterer. 08 May 1672
PROB 4/16277 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Brannock, Robert, of St. Allhallowes, Lombard Street, London, fruiterer. 15 July 1678
PROB 4/16634 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Axbee [Thomas], of St. Martin in the Fields, Mdx., fruiterer. 20 October 1679

PROB 5/841 Miscellaneous Inventories, Accounts, and Associated Documents. FRYER, Jerome, of St Martin Vintry, London, citizen and fruiterer (includes account) [Administration act: PROB 6/46]. 1672
- SEE ALSO: PROB 4/11462 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Fryer, Jerome, of St. Martin the Vintry, London, Citizen & Fruiterer. 08 May 1672
- SEE ALSO: PROB 4/2829 Engrossed Inventories Exhibited from 1660. Fryer, Richard, Citizen and Fruiterer of London. 03 December 1688
PROB 5/3347 Miscellaneous Inventories, Accounts, and Associated Documents. JACKSON, Richard, of St Bartholomew, London, fruiterer. 1687
PROB 5/3362 Miscellaneous Inventories, Accounts, and Associated Documents. DELNES, Richard, of White Crosse Street, St Giles without Cripplegate, Middx, citizen and fruiterer of London (includes account). 1673

PROB 11/390/216 Will of Richard Fryer, Fruiterer of London 16 February 1688
PROB 11/325/271 Will of Henry Nicholls, Fruiterer of Saint Botolph without Bishopsgate, City of London 31 October 1667
PROB 11/354/577 Will of Robert Brannock, Fruiterer of London 22 September 1677
PROB 11/361/102 Will of Thomas Axbee, Fruiterer of Saint Martin in the Fields, Middlesex 20 October 1679

PROB 32/21/10 FILED EXHIBITS WITH INVENTORIES: 1662-1720. Deceased: Darby, John, [fruiterer], St. Martin in the Vintry, London. 20 November 1682
PROB 32/21/92 FILED EXHIBITS WITH INVENTORIES: 1662-1720. Deceased: Darby, John, [fruiterer], St. Martin in the Vintry, London Inventory. 22 November 1682

---

Secondary Sources

Ferrari, Giovanni Battista, Hesperides, sive de malorvm avreorvm cvltvra et vsv, latin (Rome, 1646)

- SEE: 'Arethvsa sive malvm limonivm liber tertivis', pp. 187-XXX

- Plate 59: 'Citri flores'

- Plate 61: 'Malvm citrevm vulgare

- Plate 63: 'Eivsdem citrei dimidivm'

- Plate 73: 'Malvm citrevm dvlci medvlla'

- Plate 189: 'Limoniae flores'

- Plate 193: 'Limon vulgaris'

- Plate 197: 'Limon S. Remi'

- Plate 199: 'Limon ligvriae ceriescvs'

- Plate 201: 'Limon vvigo pvsilla pila'

- Plate 205: 'Limon caietanvs'

- Plate 207: 'Limon amalphitanvs'

- Plate 211: 'Limon pvsillvs calabriae duplex'

- Plate 215: 'Limon a rivo sev rio'

- Plate 219: 'Limon lavrae'

- Plate 223: 'Limon incomparabilis'

- Plate 225: 'Limon imperialis'

Freedberg, David 'Ferrari on the classification of oranges and lemons', XXX (XXXX, XXXX), pp. 287-306

Art Daily, 'The Fruit of Promise: Citrus Fruits in Art and Culture at the Germanisches National Museum'

The LuEsther T. Mertz Library: Citrus and Orangeries

---

Images

Francisco de Zurbarán, Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose, 1633