MarineLives - New pages [en-gb]

Users Guide to SOLM-2024 database

2024-04-09T10:00:31Z

ColinGreenstreet: /* Legal */

'''This is the start of the Users Guide to the SOLM-2024 database'''

== Overview of the database==

- Technology: Excel Workbook
- Size: 22 MB
- Dimensions: 23,715 rows; 320 columns
- Sheets: One
- Conceptual structure: Flat semi-structured database
- Author: Colin Greenstreet
- Date started: 2017
- Latest version: SOLM-2024 Ver.14.1 15/04/2024
----

==Conceptual structure==

- The primary dimension is formed by the personal depositions of PEOPLE

- There are six secondary dimensions, of which the SHIP secondary dimension is the dominant one. This is formed by the named ships with which most of the personal depositions of people are associated.

- The five additional secondary dimensions are MATERIALS; INFORMATION; FINANCING; LABOUR; and LEGAL

- The primary and secondary dimensions have sub-groupings of related characteristics, which are descibed belowd

===People===

PEOPLE: BASIC
-- Name [Forname; Surname] [TEXT]
-- Age [Years; Estimated birth year] [NUMBER]
-- Gender [Male/Female] [TAB]
-- Marital status [Bachelor; Spinster; Married; Widowed] [TAB; TEXT]
-- Relationships with other people [Father/Son/Daughter; Husband/Wife; Uncle/Nephew; Cousins] [TEXT]
-- Age married [NUMBER]
-- Religion [TEXT]

PEOPLE: GEOGRAPHY
-- Current residence [Street/Hamlet; Parish; Town; County/Province] [TEXT]
-- Current state [e.g. England; e.g. France] [TEXT]

PEOPLE: GEOGRAPHY ADVANCED
-- Place of birth [Parish; County; Province; State] [TEXT]
-- Length of time in current residence [NUMBER; TEXT]
-- Approximate age when moved to current residential area [YEARS]

PEOPLE: IN PLACE
-- Activities at the Exchange, London; Exchanges outside London overseas [TEXT]
-- Activities at Customs houses [London; Kinsale; Emden; Paris; Rouen; Boulogne; Saphia; Constantinople; Scanderoon; Cyprus; Messina; Barbados; Elsewhere] [TEXT]
-- Activities at taverns, inns and victualling houses, cook shops [TEXT]
-- Activities at private homes [TEXT]
-- Activities at warehouses; cellars [TEXT]
-- Activities at wharves and keys [TEXT]
-- Activities at shops [TEXT]
-- Activities in prisons [TEXT]

PEOPLE: OCCUPATION
-- Main self-described occupation [TEXT]
-- Further more detailed self-described occupations [TEXT]
-- Additional work related activities described in text [TEXT]
-- Detailed self-described occupations normalized [TAB]
-- Years in occupation [NUMBER]
-- Age started occupation [NUMBER]

PEOPLE: OCCUPATION: APPRENTICES AND SERVANTS
-- Apprenticeship/Servant status [TAB]
-- Age became apprentice [NUMBER]
-- Years as apprentice [NUMBER]
-- Age became servant [NUMBER]
-- Years as servant [NUMBER]

PEOPLE: OCCUPATION: MARITIME
-- Years at sea [NUMBER]
-- Approximate age first went to sea [Years] [NUMBER]
-- Approximate years at sea before made master [NUMBER]
-- Approximate years master of ships [NUMBER]
-- Approximate age first master of ships [NUMBER]
-- Months master of most recent ship [NUMBER]
-- Months in company of most recent ship [NUMBER]
-- Length of most recent voyage in which deponent present [NUMBER]
-- Number of known voyages by deponent in named ship

PEOPLE: SKILLS
-- Literate - Signature [TAB]
-- Illiterate - Initial(s) [TAB]
-- Illiterate - Marke(s) [TAB]
-- Language, reading & writing skills, quantitative skills; weighing; navigation skills; mapping skills; schools [TEXT]

PEOPLE: HEALTH
-- Medical; Sickness; Injury; Disability; Deaths on ship; Health; Surgeon's expenses [TEXT]
-- Prisons; Imprisonment; Punishment; Torture; Galleys [TEXT]

PEOPLE: FINANCE: WAGES
-- Wages (£) [per day] [CURRENCY]
-- Wages (£) per week [CURRENCY]
-- Wages (£) [per month] [CURRENCY]
-- Wages (£) per voyage [CURRENCY]
-- Wages (£) per year [CURRENCY]
-- Wages and/or Profits [TEXT]

PEOPLE: FINANCE: TAXES
-- Subsidy assessment (£) [CURRENCY]
-- Subsidy assessment [TEXT]

PEOPLE: FINANCE: INVESTMENT
-- Private adventures + clothes, instruments and other personal items [£] [CURRENCY]
-- Private adventures + money + clothes, instruments and other personal items [TEXT]
-- Small loans and debts between mariners and mariners and passengers [TEXT]
-- Worth (debts paid) (£) [CURRENCY]
-- Worth (debts paid) [TEXT]

PEOPLE: RELATIONSHIPS
-- Relationships [TEXT]

PEOPLE: CATCHALL CATEGORY
-- Seafaring record or other commercial record [TEXT]

===Ships===

SHIPS: BASIC
-- Name of ship [TEXT]
-- Place of affiliation of ship [e.g. the Seaventure of Yarmouth] [TEXT]
-- Name of master of ship [TEXT]
-- Man of war voyage [TAB; TEXT]
-- Ship type [Frigate; Brighantine; Galleon; Carvell; Pinnace; Pink; Flute; Galliott; Flyboat; Ketch; Bark; Smack; Patash/Potash; Hoy; Barge; Billander; Lighter; Gaber; Packet boat; Tide boat; Ferry; Wherry; Lighthorseman; Sculler; Crayer; Cock boat; Pete boat; Trink boat; Trawler; Hebber; Stowe boat; Oyster dredger;Dogger boat; Herring busse; Busse; Fishing boat] [TAB]

SHIPS: VOYAGES
-- Extent of voyage knowledge [None; Partal; Full] [TAB]
-- Voyage nodal points [Named nodes in route order, if known] [TEXT]

SHIPS: PHYSICAL
-- Ship burthen [Tons] [NUMBER]
-- Ship ordnance [Guns] [NUMBER]
-- Ship decks [NUMBER]
-- Ship age [YEARS; TEXT]
-- Ship length [NUMBER]
-- Ship breadth [NUMBER]
-- Ship depth [NUMBER]
-- Height between decks [NUMBER]
-- Where ship built [TEXT]
-- Where ship bought [TEXT]

SHIPS: PEOPLE
-- Name of master of ship [TEXT]
-- Ship company size [including master and boys] [NUMBER]

SHIP: OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
-- Ship details [burthen; manning; ordnance]; Furniture; Apparrell; Sails; Rigging; Hull; Anchors; Value of ship; Freight rates; Demurrage; Size of ship's company; Owners of ship [TEXT]
-- Damage to ship; Repairs to ship; Ship building; Leakiness; Pumping of ship; Weighing of ship [TEXT]
-- Ships provisions [Food; Drink; Iron work; Ropes; Sails etc.] [TEXT]
-- Passengers; Indentured servants [TEXT]
-- Weather [hurricanes; monsoons; tempests, gale; storms; frost; ice; tropical heat; wind; fog; tide]; Severity of weather [stress; distress; extremity; (very) foul; thick; contrary; bad; wet]; Impact of weather on ship [leakage; steering errors; casting away; running ashore; driven ashore]; Seasonality [TEXT]
-- Planned and/or actual voyage details and key voyage dates [TEXT]

SHIP: SEA BATTLES AND AND PREDATION AT SEA
-- Deposition contains sea battle [YES/NO] [TAB]
-- Length of sea battle [HOURS] [NUMBER]
-- Dead [COUNT]
-- Wounded [COUNT]
-- Sea battles; Rules of war [TEXT]
-- Nature of interaction with Turkish men of war; Barbary; Sally; Argiers; Tunis; Santa Cruz; Marrocoes; Galleys; King of Spain's galleys; Slavery [TEXT]
-- Suprisals and Seizures [TEXT]

===Materials===

MATERIALS
-- Materials handling [on shore and on ship]; dennaging; theft; weights & measures standards; rats and cats; damage to goods; inspection by masters of the Trinity House [TEXT]
-- Theft of goods; Embezlement of goods; Fraud; Evasion of custom and impost; Contraband [TEXT]
-- Seasonality; Vintage; Time to market; Price arbitrage between markets [TEXT]
-- Details of ship's lading and her laders; including value of lading; and freight charges [TEXT]
-- Textiles (bay(e), callico, cloth, damask(e), diaper, dozens, kersey, lace, silk, taffaty(e); Cambrick stuff(e), Northern kersey, serge, Spanish cloth, tapestry ); Raw materials (cotton wool(l), flax, wool(l)); Dye stuffs: (woad(e); indigo(co); speckled wood; red(d) wood; Yarn; Garments; Household textiles (boulster, napkins, pillow) [TEXT]

===Information===

INFORMATION
-- Transmission of information between locations; Publique and Notorious [TEXT]
-- Public speaking on ship and in port; Overheard speech; Consortships at sea; Consultation with Company and Passengers [TEXT]
-- Documents [letters; books; journals; notes; verbal contracts]; Making & Use of documents [TEXT]

===Financing===

FINANCING
-- Financial structures [bills of exchange; lending; assurance]; Late payments for freight; Legal agreements; Verbal contracts; Bonds; Debts; Bankruptcy; Currency exchange; Trading profit calculations [TEXT]

===Labour===

LABOUR MARKET
-- Labour market; Where hired; Where left ship; Where wages paid; Nationality of ship's company; Men pressed from ship [TEXT]

===Legal===

LEGAL: BASIC
-- Event triggering legal case in High Court of Admiralty [TEXT]
-- Short form case description [TEXT]
-- Folio mark [TEXT]
-- Date of deposition [Modernized English calendar] [TEXT]

LEGAL: ADVANCED
-- Disputes in English law courts or arbitration; Commissions; Protests; Examinations on ships; Examinations on shore; Commissions of Inquiry [TEXT]
-- Disputes in non-English law courts or arbitration outside England; Law of Olleroon; Includes Ireland; Scotland; Wales; Inquisition, Embargos, Sequestration, Consuls; Viceconsuls; Commissions; Foreign Notaries; Protests; Foreign licences; Foreign Permissions [TEXT]

LEGAL: CUSTOMARY BEHAVIOUR
-- Customary behaviour in non-English ports [TEXT]
-- Customary behaviour on River Thames [TEXT]
-- Customary behaviour on high seas; Prize law at sea [TEXT]
-- Customary behaviour amongst merchants [TEXT]

LEGAL: NORMATIVE BEHAVIOUR
-- Behaviour of mariners on ship; Behaviour of other men and women; Abilities/Skills; Duties; Roles; Consent [TEXT]
-- Reputation and credit worthiness of mariners on ships; tradesmen; merchants [TEXT]

==Linkages between dimensions==
NOTE: one deponent can have multiple linkages to a ship
-- Deponent sailed in ship as one of company (includes pilots and factors) [TAB]
-- Deponent is passenger in ship [TAB]
-- Deponent is part-owner of ship [TAB]
-- Deponent is freighter of ship [TAB]
-- Deponent had goods in ship [TAB]
-- Deponent is shore based supplier to ship [TAB]

==Scoping of the textual and numerical resources in the database==

'''The two primary types of data in the SOLM-20124 database are textual and numerical'''

Below are tables describing these data in terms of cell counts as of April 11th 2024:

TEXTUAL

[[File:SOLM-2024 SEMINAR DATABASE Ver.14.1 13042024 TEXT ONE B.JPG]]

[[File:SOLM-2024 SEMINAR DATABASE Ver.14.1 13042024 TEXT TWO B.JPG]]

NUMERICAL

[[File:SOLM-2024 SEMINAR DATABASE Ver.14.1 13042024 NUMERICAL ONE.JPG]]

[[File:SOLM-2024 SEMINAR DATABASE Ver.14.1 13042024 NUMERICAL TWO.JPG]]

[[File:SOLM-2024 SEMINAR DATABASE Ver.14.1 13042024 NUMERICAL THREE.JPG]]

[[File:SOLM-2024 SEMINAR DATABASE Ver.14.1 13042024 NUMERICAL FOUR.JPG]]

==Sorting the database==

- Use of filters

- Use of sort buttons

- Use of F5 function

[THIS SECTION IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT]

==Questions and Answers==

===QUESTION 1. How reliable are the data in your database?===

'''ANSWER 1:'''

===QUESTION 2: I have found several interesting short text extracts in the database which include references (for example HCA 13/58 f.8r). What do these references mean and how do I find an image and full transcription of the page from which the short text extracts come, so I that can check and contextualize the extracts?===

'''ANSWER 2:'''

* Let's start with the referencing system. "HCA" = "High Court of Admiralty". This was the top Admiralty Court in the Admiralty Court system in England in the C16th and C1th. For much of this period the Court was physically located in the Doctors Commons near Saint Paul's church. "HCA 13/58" refers to volume 58 in the HCA 13 series and follows the naming convention used by the National Archives at Kew, where the physical documents are stored and are viewable. Volume HCA 13/58 consists of witness statements or depositions submitted in the English High Court of Admiralty between the years 1642 and 1644. "f.8r" refers to the recto (front) side of the eighth folio in that specific volume.

===QUESTION 3: I am interested in medical care on board commercial ships in the C17th. Where can I find information about this topic in the database?===

'''ANSWER 3:'''

* We already have a good deal of information the SOLM-2024 database on medical care. We need to hear your research questions to help us expand this coverage. We have detailed descriptions of good and poor care by chirurgeons on board commercial ships, caring for both mariners and passengers at sea and in ports. We have estimates of the value of chirurgeon's chests, including instruments, books and medicaments. We have descriptions of medical certificates being granted and refused according to the health of a ship's company, and ships being forced to quarantine when coming from ports known to be affected by the plague. We have descriptions of battles between ships and estimates of dead and wounded, together with injuries sustained by men in these battles.

===QUESTION 4: I am looking at private investment behaviour by non-elite men and women. Can your database help me?===

'''ANSWER 4:'''

* This is an interesting topic, which has been neglected by historians. It takes a lot of data to say anything meaningful about non-elite investment activities. And that's after you have got over the big hurdle and are considering that non-elite men and women may have been active investors. The SOLM-2024 database offers a unique and extensive set of data on private adventures by non-elite men (and some women) just waiting to be used by an innovative doctoral student or post-doctoral fellow. Do get in touch with us and we will guide you through what we have already calendarized and what else exists in the 30 million plus set of English Admiralty Court depositions, 1570 to 1688, and how you can unlock these data.

===QUESTION 5: I am looking at the connection between Atlantic trade routes and the Mediterranean in the late C16th and early C17th. How should I get started looking for data in your database?===

'''ANSWER 5: [INSERT TEXT]'''

===QUESTION 6: Can your database help me compare wage levels of mariners in England and the United Provinces in the first half of the C17th?===

'''ANSWER 6: [INSERT TEXT]'''

===QUESTION 7: How can I investigate behavioural norms, non-conforming behaviour, discipline and punishment amongst mariners using your database?===

'''ANSWER 7: [INSERT TEXT]'''

==Exercises==

'''1. Using the SOLM-2024 database to analyse trade flows'''

- Example: Brazilian/Portuguese/Mediterranean
- Example: Hamburg/Lisbon-Cadiz/Mediterranean
- Example: English East Mediterranean

'''2. Using the SOLM-2024 database to compare and contrast shipping size and types in different geographies'''

- Question: Size and character of English East Mediterranean English shipping versus English Atlantic shipping
- Question: Size and character of English Atlantic shipping on Newfoundland versus Virginia versus Barbados routes

'''3. Using the SOLM-2024 database to study the roles, duties, and tasks of different occupations'''

- Question: How did people in specific mariner sub-occupations self-describe their office, places, tasks?
- Question: How did people evaluate the performance of others in specific mariner sub-occupations?
- Question: What can be quantified in terms of skill levels and wage levels for different mariner sub-occupations?

'''4. Using the SOLM-2024 database to study predation by galleys in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic in the 1H C17th'''

- Question: Where do you find galleys and war ships geographically active in seizing commercial shipping in the 1H C17th [Turkish galleys; galleys of Argiers; galleys of Tunis; galleys of Sally; Spanish galleys; French galleys]

'''5. Using the SOLM-2024 database to look at the use by English mariners of international legal jurisdictions'''

- Question: How can we use the data within SOLM-2024 to identify legal cases in non-English legal jurisdictions invollving English commercial shipping?
- Question: How can we systematically examine the strategies used by mariners and factors to access legal systems and arbitration in non-English jurisdictions?
- Question: What was the role of Consuls and Consular assistance outside England and how did mariners interact with Consuls?

==Providing feedback==

- '''We encourage all our users to provide feedback and to make special requests to us'''

- '''The SOLM-2024 database can improve by being used as much as possible for a wide range of research tasks'''

MarineLives Research Agenda 2022

2024-04-05T14:40:52Z

ColinGreenstreet: Created page with "==Celebrating our tenth anniversary this year== '''To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the founding of Marine Lives we aim to make publicly available and searchable by the..."

==Celebrating our tenth anniversary this year==

'''To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the founding of Marine Lives we aim to make publicly available and searchable by the end of 2022 a high quality machine transcription of 34 mill words of English High Court of Admiralty depositions, 1574 to 1688.'''

[[File:Our HTR Goals Revised 11092022.jpg|1000px|thumb|left|Celebrating our tenth anniversary]]

[[File:Model 3.322 Three 12032022.jpg|1000px|thumb|left|We are already getting excellent results from our machine transcription models]]

[[File:Model 3.322 Two 12032022.jpg|1000px|thumb|left|This machine transcribed test page is the start of a deposition made in 1630 in the English High Court of Admiralty. There had been no manual correction of the transcription.]]

[[File:Model 3.322 Four 12032022.jpg|1000px|thumb|left|Here are the learning curves and formal performance characteristics of our Series Three C17th Secretary Hand models optimised for English High Court of Admiralty depositions]]
----
==MarineLives research agenda for 2022==

'''Marine Lives celebrates its tenth anniversary in 2022. To mark reaching the remarkable digital age of ten we announced in March 2022 our goal to publish by the end of 2022 a high quality machine transcription of sixty volumes of English High Court of Admiralty depositions for the period 1574 to 1688. This initiative will use handwriting recognition models we are developing for C17th Secretary Hand and links to the first point in our four point research agenda for 2022:

1. Developing and optimising keyword search algorithms for C17th Secretary Hand in English language English High Court of Admiralty manuscript documents.

2. Completing the next phase of our metadata for the HCA 13/ series. Currently, we have metadata for 22,000 deponents from the years 1570 to 1688, supported by 50,000 digital images held offline.

3. Publishing a [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/HCA_30/636_Project_Home_Page#Work_product_by_the_HCA_30.2F636_team hybrid digital edition of three ship account books from the 1620s and 1630s], taken from HCA 30/636.

4. Organising two workshops with the Oldenburg Prize Papers team on (a) Developing a broadly applicable digital C16th and C17th commercial document ontology (b) Forming and developing an online international community to study mariner letters.

----

==Creating a Ground Truth==

'''We are creating a bespoke HTR model to read C17th English Secretarial hand. We plan two models. The first using 500,000 words from our existing diplomatic transcriptions of HCA 13/72. The second will be twice the size, and will add an additional 500,000 words from an earlier volume of HCA depositions.'''

[[File:Contact Us 10032022.jpg|750px|thumb|left|Contact Colin Greenstreet (Marine Lives) or Holly Brewer (UMD) if you would like to learn more about our work on machine recognition of C17th Secretary Hand]]

Below an image showing the first manuscript page from HCA 13/72, which we have now entered into Transkribus.

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Marine_Lives_guide_to_creating_a_Transkribus_Ground_Truth Click here] to view pages we are developing to illustrate practical aspects of creating a Ground Truth

[[File:HCA 1372 f1r GROUND TRUTH 02032022.png|750px|thumb|left|HCA 13/72 f.1r: entered into Transkribus as part of the Ground Truth we are creating]]

----

==Fantasy Early Modern book competition==

'''Announcing a one week FANTASY EARLY MODERN BOOK COMPETITION.'''

'''Rules: List the chapter titles of a fantasy book you WISH EXISTED and post to the [https://twitter.com/Marinelivesorg @Marinelivesorg Twitter] account.'''

'''Winner(s) will be those book titles/chapters which get MOST LIKES ON THE [https://twitter.com/Marinelivesorg @Marinelivesorg Twitter] account.'''

Here is my starter:

TITLE: Early Modern Economic Lives

CHAPTER 1: Talking about work: Early Modern workers describing their occupations and work places

CHAPTER 2: The melding of work and home and its implications for participation of men and women in commercial life

CHAPTER 3: Everyone lies: The importance of accurate record keeping

CHAPTER 4: The role of the Early Modern bookkeeper [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Accounting-Growth-Stripping-Camouflage-Accounts/dp/0712652809 accounting for growth]

CHAPTER 5: Service driven functional literacy: How Early Modern international trade drove and was a product of literacy

CHAPTER 6: Risk and probability: How people thought about individual and group risk, and how it affected their commercial decision making

CHAPTER 7: Free will, contract, indentured labour, enslavement: Concepts underpinning the Early Modern labour market

CHAPTER 8: How to make Early Modern money (and keep it)

'''Here's a possible plan. Assemble a group of authors, recruited through Twitter, who will write and publish the Fantasy EM book as an open source online book. The book would be peer reviewed by its readers, and will go through various iterations as readers comment, suggest and offer to improve.'''

'''If we go with Early Modern Economic Lives (and I'm happy to go with a different Fantasy EM book), I (Colin Greenstreet) would be happy to write a draft of chapters three, four and five, but would need collaborators to write the remaining chapters.'''

'''What do you think?'''
----

==New Year's wishes 2022==

'''2022 is the tenth anniversary of the founding of Marine Lives. So here are our New Year's wishes for the next ten years for Marine Lives and for Early Modern studies generally.'''

New Year's Wish One

Digitisation and open licence publication of the C17th manuscript records of the [https://search.lma.gov.uk/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LMA_OPAC/web_detail/REFD+CLA~2F004?SESSIONSEARCH Mansion House Justice Room] and of the [https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/library-research/muniment-collection Westminster Abbey Muniments].

New Year's Wish Two

Development of AI-enabled search tools for discovery within and synthesis of large scale digitised manuscript collections, bypassing the need for the manual creation of archival metadata.

New Year's Wish Three

Implementation of federated search using AI-enabled search tools across multiple large scale digitised manuscript collections

New Year's Wish Four

Development of Early Modern Material Lives to complement Early Modern Marine Lives, broadening scope from marine to land based occupations, and emphasising the interaction of Early Modern workers with the physical world.

'''[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_wishes,_2018 Click here] to see our 2018 New Year's wishes.

'''Please Tweet your comments on our New Year's wishes to [https://twitter.com/Marinelivesorg @Marinelivesorg] and share your own New Year's wishes for technologies to support historical research'''

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==New MarineLives project: Researching three ship account books from the 1620s and 1630s: HCA 30/636/==

[[File:Ship Diamond August 1637 Setting Out To Mallaga f,61r Ratcatcher Image 20212029 145150.JPG|620px|thumb|left|Item: Paid the Ratcatcher: 4''s'' - 4''d'', Account book of the ship the ''Diamond'': setting out expenses to Mallaga, 1637; HCA 13/635/2]]

[[File:Account Books 13102021.JPG|800px|thumb|left|HCA 30/636 in all its glory, just waiting for some collaborative work by volunteers]]

'''Are you interested in a startup collaborative online project to look at, partially transcribe and understand three ship account books from the 1620s and 1630s? You have come to the right place. Marine Lives is launching a new project and is seeking volunteer collaborators. This will be a project about co-creation of a public resource, which will be published on the Marine Lives wiki and made available to all - public and academic historians alike (and those just intrigued by our past).'''

HCA 30/636 is a document category which has been created to cover certain papers generated by the Prize Court jurisdiction of the English High Court of Admiralty papers. It contains nine sub-references. We have imaged all the documents within HCA 30/636 and will be making these available to volunteer collaborators online. Documents include three beautifully leather bound account books of various sizes, further paper bound account books, a letter copy book of letters written from on board ship, and various miscellaneous accounting documents relating to multiple voyages. In all we have over one thousand images.

We are in start up mode. Our current thinking is to make the images available on DropBox or OneDrive and to use this MarineLives wiki as our collaboration platform - to share ideas, to provide support, and to be the vehicle to publish our transcriptions and synthesis. But we are open to your ideas about how to organise this project and nothing will be finalised until we have our team in place. You can get up to speed on our thinking by reading this [https://twitter.com/Marinelivesorg/status/1448320605384753156 Twitter Thread].

We have had expressions of interest from people from many places - Mexico, Michigan, Texas, London, Newcastle to list a few - which is perfect given the virtual nature of our project and the broad geographic scope of the papers which include multiple voyages from England to the West Indies, the Mediterranean and to Northern Europe.

We will be sending out an email to everyone who has expressed this interest this weekend (Saturday, October 16th 2021), and will invite people in that email to take a look at some sample images and to tell us about their research interests, skills and ideas for this project.

This is going to be a very relaxed project running through to the middle of 2022 in which people are welcome to dip in and out, and to do as little or as much as they have time and interest for.

If you are interested in learning more, '''[https://twitter.com/Marinelivesorg follow Marine Lives on Twitter]''', tweet your interest and we will get in touch with you by Twitter direct mail.

You can also '''[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/HCA_30/636_Project_Home_Page access our HCA 30/636 account book project home page here]''', which we are starting to populate. Come join us and help us fill in the blanks.
----
==Women and Early Modern record keeping==

'''In November 2021, MarineLives participated in an online seminar on Women and Early Modern recordkeeping, co-hosted by [https://oieahc.wm.edu/fellowships/fellows-since-1945/postdoctoral/caylin-carbonell/ Caylin Carbonell] and [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Volunteer_research_interests_and_goals#Colin_Greenstreet Colin Greenstreet]. We hope to develop some of the themes of this seminar in 2022'''

Our contribution to the seminar was to a series of case studies from C17th English High Court of Admiralty depositions, in which [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Women%27s_investment_activities_and_record_keeping '''women testify about their investment activities and record keeping.''']
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==About MarineLives==

[[File:About MarineLives 22012018.JPG|800px|thumb|left|MarineLives volunteers, past and present, 2015-2018. [[Tools: Biographies|Read more about them here]]]]

'''MarineLives is a collaborative volunteer driven project. The project started as a spinoff from a National Archives hackathon in early 2012. We are exploring lives touched by the marine world between 1540 and 1690. Commerce, materials, language and correspondence.'''

At the core of MarineLives is the collaborative transcription, linkage and enrichment of primary manuscripts from the English High Court of Admiralty, together with thematically related manuscripts from international manuscript and printed document collections.

In the past ten years over 250 volunteers have contributed to our transcriptions and to our synthesis of the many themes which constitute lives in the Early Modern marine world. Currently, we have {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} text pages and {{NUMBEROFFILES}} images available and nearly six million words of full text transcriptions on the MarineLives wiki.

We have finding aids for themes as varied as Early Modern women in the marine world; Materials handling; The Early Modern River Thames; Commercial record keeping; Mariners letters; and many more.

We have also developed a database of 22,185 depositions drawn from the HCA 13/ series covering the period 1575 to 1684, which provides quantitative and qualitative insights into this important series of Admiralty Court depositions.

'''[[Tools: Basic wiki skills & palaeographical tips|Sample our training material to see if this could be for you.]]'''

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<div style="float: right; vertical-align: bottom; margin-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; background:#dcdcdc; border: 1px solid #b0c4de; width: 530px;">
<div style="background: #b0c4de; padding: 5px 10px 5px 10px; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;">Sample images</div>
<div style="padding: 10px;">
<div style="font-size: normal;">'''This will be a project about co-creation of a public resource, which will be published on the Marine Lives wiki and made available to all - public and academic historians alike (and those just intrigued by our past).'''</div>
[[File:Abraham Hardy Account Book Wages HCA 30 636.JPG|500px|thumb|right|HCA 30/636/3 Andrew Hardey's account book for voyage to Barbados in the ship the Abraham- extract from wages schedules]]

[[File:Abraham Handwriting Sample HCA 30 636.JPG|500px|thumb|right|HCA 30/636/ Handwriting sample]]

[[File:Abraham Letter Copy Book HCA 30 636.JPG|500px|thumb|right|HCA 30/636/ Letter copy book from on board the ship the Abraham]]

</div>
</div>

Customized Structural Analysis

2022-03-03T21:50:38Z

ColinGreenstreet:

We are experimenting with a range of Transkribus tools related to layout analysis and HTR.

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Marine_Lives_guide_to_creating_a_Transkribus_Ground_Truth BACK TO GROUND TRUTH MAIN PAGE]
----

[[File:HCA 1372 Ground Truth Customized Structure Tags Input 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Text regions (and other structural elements of text) can be labelled with customizable structural tags within Transkribus Expert Client]]

[[File:HCA 1372 Ground Truth Customized Structure Tages 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Three pages from our growing HCA 13/72 Ground Truth marked up with customized structural tags]]

One tool we are trying out is the manual naming of structural elements in the legal depositions which form our corpus.

We are using the customizable structural analysis tools available in Transkribus Expert Client, and hope to train a model to recognise these different structrual types in our data.

Transkribus has a useful guid: [https://readcoop.eu/transkribus/howto/how-to-use-the-structural-tagging-feature-and-how-to-train-it/ How To Use the Structural Tagging Feature and How To Train It with P2PaLA]

Tools to create our Ground Truth

2022-03-03T21:41:01Z

ColinGreenstreet:

We are working with several related Transkribus Tools and with our own semantic media wiki

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Marine_Lives_guide_to_creating_a_Transkribus_Ground_Truth BACK TO GROUND TRUTH MAIN PAGE]
----
__TOC__
----
==Using Transkribus Expert Client==

We are using Transkribus Expert Client as our main tool to perform automated layout recognition, manual correction of these layouts, and to enter and modify existing semi-diplomatic transcriptions of material in HCA 13/72.

We are then using Transkribus Lite version 2.0 to view completed Ground Truth pages, and to keep an overview of our work.

----
==Using Transkribus Lite version 2.0==

[[File:Transkribus Lite HCA1372 Done Thumbnails 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Transkribus Lite Version 2.0 Thumbnail display showing images with status "Done" in our work processl]]

Transkribus has recently introduced an improved version of its web browser interface ([https://transkribus.eu/lite/ Transkribus Liter Version 2.0]).

Transkribus has a [https://readcoop.eu/transkribus/howto/getting-started-with-transkribus-lite/ useful online guide to using Transkribus Lite Version 2.0].

We are finding this improved browser interface to be pretty responsive in terms of short lag times as we browse images.

The browser interface also has useful functionality not available in Transkribus Expert Client.

Most useful to date are:

Large thumbnails
Ability to display thumbnails by status of manuscript pages within our work process
----

==Marine Lives wiki==

The [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/MarineLives Marine Lives wiki] is a Semantic Media Wiki. It is organised into volumes and pages.

We are working from volume [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/HCA_13/72 HCA 13/72] and are inputing existing semi-diplomatic transcriptions from this volume by hand into Transkribus Expert Client.

Running List of Questions

2022-03-03T21:36:10Z

ColinGreenstreet: /* Question Seven */

We are developing a running list of questions as we work on our C17th Secretarial Hand Ground Truth

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Marine_Lives_guide_to_creating_a_Transkribus_Ground_Truth BACK TO GROUND TRUTH MAIN PAGE]

----
==Question One==

'''What does a sensible division of a page into Text Regions look like?'''

[[File:Use Of Transkribus Text Regions 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Question One: Is this a sensible division of this page into Text Regions?]]
----
==Question Two==

'''Is it best practice to avoid overlapping Text Regions by using irregular shapes? Or, is it better to keep rectangular shapes, aligned horizontally with image, and to accept overlapping Text Regions?'''

----
==Question Three==

'''How can we train the Transkribus automatic layout tools to understand the range of document structures we have?'''

Typical structure and variations

HCA depositions are typically structured with three implied columns of text. Depositions can be as short as a quarter of an image page, or as long as ten image pages.

Most HCA deposition image pages have an implied three column structure.

At the start of a deposition, there may be a date, which is usually in the central column. There is then the long or short form name of the cause, which is usually in the left hand column. At the same horizontal level, or somewhat lower follows the full name of the individual being examined (the deponent), together with their residential location, their occupation and age. These data, which we for convenience call the "Personal Front matter" typically runs across the central and right hand column.

The main body of the deposition (answers to an allegation or libel, or to interrogatories) is in the centre and right of a page.

At the same horizontal level as the main body of the deposition, there may be additional data in the left hand column. For example, merchant markes (typically these are pictograms), referred to in the main body.

At the foot of the main body of a deposition, there is a signature, mark or initial(s) (which we describe together as "Signoffs") of the person being examined. This may be can be in the central column, the right hand column, or running over both the central and right hand columns.

Near the horizonal level of the signoff, there is usually some legal boilerplate in the left hand column.

Human reading of our documents

Human beings read legal depositions by starting in the top left hand side of a page, then moving their eyes to the first block of text on the left and then the right, in a zig zag

Machine reading of layout

Can we manually teach programme an automatic layout recogniser to look for certain types of Text Region (by size and shape and amount of text) and to number the Text Regions detected in a bespoke order

For example:

Always look to the top right hand corner of a page, if the page is a recto page
If no page number in top right hand corner, look for pencil page number elsewhere at the top of the page
Look for single leads detached from other text blocks and create Text Region
Always create a Text Region if a certain minimum of non-text surrounds the text
Recognise curly brackets and always place text which has curly brackets on the right of it within a discrete Text Region
Work in a Zig Zag from top RH corner of a page with the Text Rehions numbered according to their presence (or not) on that Zig Zag pattern?

Can we as an alternative start by hand defining all the Text Regions we want on a given page and THEN running the automatic layout recognition, with the recognition program identifying only base lines, and assigning them to our manually chosen Text Regions?

----

==Question Four==

'''How should we chose the best range of documents to include in our Ground Truth?'''

Should we chose a wide range of handwriting types under the umbrella of "Notarial Secretary Hand?

Should we chose only well lit, high quality images, or is there an argument to include images in diverse lighting conditions and different degrees of focal accuracy?

How sensitive is the machine learning process (and the subsequent accuracy of an HTR model) to very accurately defined base lines, versus very accurately transcribed text?

How does the machine learning process treat text in the Ground Truth which is either blacked out (no text visible) or struck out (but where the text is still visible)?

Is it important to have plenty of examples of interlineation and marginalia to train an HTR model to be flexible, or do these actually reduce the accuracy of an HTR model?
----
==Question Five==

'''How should signatures be treated?'''

Should signatures be in their own Text Region, or should they be included in the Text Region which contains the main text with which they are associated?
----
==Question Six==

'''How should pictograms containing some text be treated?'''

English High Court of Admiralty depositions often contain Merchants Marks, which are essentially pictograms. These pictograms sometimes include letters, numbers or words. How should these be treated im terms of Text Region and base lines?
----
==Question Seven==

7.1 Is it good practice when manually creating a baseline to have one dot point per letter in the text, so that the number of letters in the text matches the number of points in the baseline?

7.2 What is best practive for joining to partial base lines together to make a combined base line? Is there away of inserting extra points into the middle of the join, if the join width is quite wide?

7.3 Can additional points be inserted into a baseline, and not just at either end?

7.35 How handle "j" with the baseline?

7.4 Does the machine learning process when applied to the Ground Truth make any reference to Text Regions as defined by Text boxes? If so, is it important for the text boxes to be drawn as tightly as possible round the text? To get tight boundaries is it good practice to use rregular shapes, or is it always best to use rectangles aligned horizontally with the page?

7.5 How handle baselines for signatures, and indeed signatures generally?

7.51 What about ornate signatures with flourishes? Which part of a signature should be in the baselibe?

7.6 How handle marks (as signoffs)?

7.61 Marks and initials usually have text like "the marke of", as well as teh actual mark or initial(s)

7.7 How handle initials (as signoffs)?

7.8 Is there a way to add more "process flow" steps between "In progress" and "Done"?

7.9 Is it possible to use a different HTR-engine for predefined structure types im a document. For example, a signature-HTR, a Legal-Latin-HTR, a secretary-hand-HTR?

7.95 Good practice in cropping text region boxes? Especially where in curved or dark margins?

7.96 Dashes at end of lines, used to fill gaps?

7.97 Blcked out words versus crossed out words?

Ground Truth Work Process

2022-03-03T21:31:40Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''We have set up a simple work process'''

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Marine_Lives_guide_to_creating_a_Transkribus_Ground_Truth BACK TO GROUND TRUTH MAIN PAGE]
----
__TOC__
----
==Automatic layout recognition of all 1518 images in HCA 13/72==

- Used the CITlab Advanced Tool

[[File:CITlab Advanced Tool ML 03032022.png|500px|thumb|left|Layout Analysis controls in Tools section of Transkribus Expert Client controls panel]]

- Modified the layout page by page after manual inspection of automatically generated layouts

We are only just beginning to think through what makes sense in terms of use of Text Regions when creating our Ground Truth
We are finding that the automatic tool is typically producing between one and three Text Regions per manucript image
Typically the tool is NOT identifying text blocks on the left hand side of an image as separate from structurally separate text in the main body of text
Ideally, we would train the automatic layout recognition tool to be sensitive to the typical structures of HCA legal depositions, and we are looking into this
In the short term, we are manually adding Text Regions, and changing the shape and size of Text Regions
However, base lines of text have already been recognised and allocated to specific text regions.
We have found an easy way using Transkribus layout tools to reallocate the base lines [see below]

- The two key modifications we are making are

(a) Adjusting number size and shape of Text Regions
(b) Checking all automatically generated base lines (which themselves are "children" of a partent Text Region)
Look for breaks in base lines
Look for incomplete base lines
Connect broken base lines
Extend incomplete base lines
(c) Reallocating base lines to our newly created and/or adjusted Text Regions

[[File:Transkribus Expert Client Layout HCA 1372 f.14v.png|750px|thumb|left|Layout out HCA 13/72 f.14v once we have manually adjusted the Text Regions, creating six Text Regions and reallocating lines to those regions]]

[[File:Reallocating Base Lines To New Text Regions One 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Reallocating base lines to new Text Regions: Part One]]

[[File:Reallocating Base Lines To New Text Regions Two 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Reallocating base lines to new Text Regions: Part Two]]

----
==Input of existing semi-diplomatic transcriptions of HCA 13/72 manuscript pages into Transkribus Expert Client==

Once the automatically generated Text Regions have been adjusted for a specific image page

* Input the semi-diplomatic Marine Lives transcription for the relevant page, matching each line of transcribed text to the correct automatically generated line within the correct Text Region

* The chart below shows our workflow for manuscript page HCA 13/72 f.11v.
We have the Marine Lives wiki open at the correct page on the left hand side of our screen.
In the middle and on the right hand of our screen we have the Transkribus Expert Client open with the Layout Tab open in Transcription View.
This enables us to see the relevant part of the image, with the relevant Text Region.
We are pasting transcribed text against the correct lines.
To ensure a good human overview, we have pasted two or three lines of transcribed text into each Text Region
This gives us good human oversight of the document.
Then we work methodically through all the text

[[File:Workflow Page HCA1372f.11v.png|750px|thumb|left|Our workflow showing Marine Lives wiki page and Transkribus Expert Client with Layout Tab open in Transcription View: Part Two]]

----

Marine Lives guide to creating a Transkribus Ground Truth

2022-03-03T10:21:39Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''This page is the main page of a guide that Marine Lives is creating to cover practical aspects of creating a Transkribus Ground Truth'''
----
__TOC__
----
==Objective==

[[File:Transkribus Lite Search Bahia 03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|Transkribus web capability has simple, but useful search functionality]]

[[File:Transkribus Lite Search Bahia Full TexT03032022.png|750px|thumb|left|We want to have 80,000 images covering HCA 13/20to HCA 13/79 publicly available and searchable by end 2022l]]

'''Our overall objective is to make 80,000 images of English High Court of Admiralty depositions covering 1570 to 1690 publicly available and searchable.'''

'''To do this our immediate objective is to create a C17th English secretarial hand HTR model, which we will use on our collection of 80,000 images of English High Court of Admiralty depositions.'''

We are aiming to create two models. The first based on a Ground Truth of 500,000 words (roughly 1,000 manuscript images). The second based on one million words (roughly 2,000 manuscript images).

For our first model, we are using existing semi-diplomatic transcriptions of the HCA 13/72 volume [late 1650s], made between 2013 and 2015 by Marine Lives volunteers. We have to convert these semi-diplomatic transcriptions back to full diplomatic, and mark up contractions, as part of the process of creating a highly reliable Ground Truth. We also have to treat interlineation differently, with each interline shown separately and the insertion point or points marked inm the line on which the interlineation depends.
----
==Tools==

We are working with several related Transkribus Tools and with our own semantic media wiki

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Tools_to_create_our_Ground_Truth#Using_Transkribus_Expert_Client 1. Transkribus Expert Client]

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Tools_to_create_our_Ground_Truth#Using_Transkribus_Lite_version_2.0 2. Transkribus Lite version 2.0]

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Tools_to_create_our_Ground_Truth#Marine_Lives_wiki 3. Marine Lives semantic media wiki]

----
==Work Process==

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Ground_Truth_Work_Process#Automatic_layout_recognition_of_all_1518_images_in_HCA_13.2F72 1 Automatic layout recognition of all 1518 images in HCA 13/72]

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Ground_Truth_Work_Process#Input_of_existing_semi-diplomatic_transcriptions_of_HCA_13.2F72_manuscript_pages_into_Transkribus_Expert_Client 2 Input of existing semi-diplomatic transcriptions of HCA 13/72 manuscript pages into Transkribus Expert Client]

==We are experimenting==

We are experimenting with a range of Transkribus tools related to [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Customized_Structural_Analysis layout analysis and HTR].

----
==Questions==

'''We are developing a [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Running_List_of_Questions running list of questions.]'''

'''Some of these questions we will probably be able to answer ourselves, as we get more experience of building our Ground Truth.'''

'''But, in the meantime, we would appreciate sugegstions from fellow Transkribus users.'''

Grace Hardwin Wax Chandler

2021-12-16T14:54:41Z

CharlieWilson: created page for profile of Grace Hardwin, part owner of the Abraham

'''Grace Hardwin, wax chandler of London'''

Material contributed by Charlie Wilson

__TOC__
==Primary Sources==

* PROB 11/338/105 Will of Grace Hardwin, Waxchandler of London 27 January 1672

----
==Grace Hardwin's Will==

<blockquote>
The tenth day of September Anno
Dni 1670 I Grace Hardwin Citizen and Waxchandler of London bring weake in
body but of sound and perfect mine and memory thanks be given to Almighty
God for the same Doe declare and make this to be my last Will and Testament in
manner following that is to say I give to my Grandsonne Joseph Hardwin my share
and part in the instruments belonging to Wad and Sides trade my debts being payd
Also my household goods And whereas my house called the Cowes face is in mortgage
to Mr Doiley for Three hundred pounds My minde and will is that in case my good
friends Mr John Norman and Mr Hercules Commander theire Executors and Administrators to
make sale thereof for the most they can gett to discharge the engagement upon it But in
case moneys may within the time aforesaid be had upon Mortgage of the said house hopeing
my Grandsonne may redeem the same desireing it may continue in my name and calling
Then the said house I give to my Grandsonne Joseph Hardwin he takeing of the mortgage
for and dureing all the resiude of the terme of yeares I have therein if he live to his age
of Twenty and One yeares In case he dye before that age then the interest thereof to his sister
Elizabeth And my minde and will is that my said Grandsonne serve out his time
with my Coson Whetstone desireing my said friends Mr Norman and Mr Commander
to be his Guardians during his minority willing him to follow their advice To whom I give
to each a Ring worth 30s apeice And I doe hereby appoint my said Grandsonne
Executor of this my Will In witnesse whereof I have hereunto sett my hand & seale
the day and yeare aforesaid Grace Hardwin signed sealed and published for my last will
in presence of Henry Whetstone Samuel Peele.
</blockquote>

Latin note in margin dated January 1678 regarding "Eliza Styles als Hardwin"

==Secondary Sources==

* Coldham, Peter Wilson (1984) ''English adventurers and emigrants, 1609-1660: abstracts of examinations in the High Court of Admiralty with reference to Colonial America.'' Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 100.

Mentioned in section regarding George Minifie v. Cockett, Smith & Mason. Edward Wood & Richard Batson v. Chamberlaine. 17 February 1639/40 to 3 October 1640 (HCA 13/56)

<blockquote>
"Grace Hardwyn of St. Michael Crooked Lane, London, wax chandler aged 45. He was part owner of the '''William''' of London, Mr Anthony Austen, which landed Virginia tobacco in London in July 1638 marked for Mr. Chamberlaine. (vol. 56)."
</blockquote>

Transcription Resources

2021-12-15T10:16:52Z

CharlieWilson:

== Palaeography is fun! ==

Included on this page are resources that volunteers have found to be useful when transcribing 17th century documents. Some are short courses, others books full of examples to refer to.

Not all will be directly relevant to the materials here, but all are good practice.

Also on this page we will be including snips from the documents themselves, particularly for those "aha!" moments when you realise what a letter, or word is, and it shines light on other parts of the document. Please feel free to add these in the section below.

----
==== General palaeography tutorials====

* [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/palaeography/default.htm National Archives] - an extensive tutorial, spanning handwriting examples from 1500-1800. The further practice section has some unusual documents arranged by date.

* [https://www.york.ac.uk/borthwick/publications/palaeography-guides/ Borthwick Palaeography Guides]- The Borthwick has recently republished ''Reading the Past: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century English Handwriting'' by P.M. Hoskin, S.L. Slinn and C.C. Webb, and made a pdf of the book freely downloadable. Lots of original document images and associated transcriptions as well as letter forms and abbreviations.

* [https://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ehoc/index.html English Handwriting Online] - a free online short course covering 1500-1700, produced as part of the [https://www.english.cam.ac.uk/ceres/ COPIA] project.

* The Beinecke Library has a guide specific to [https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/article/quarantine-reading-learn-read-secretary-hand Secretary hand], the dominant formal/professional handwriting in English between the 15th and 17th centuries.

----
====Books====

For some time away from a screen, I recommend Hilary Marshall ''Palaeography for Family and Local Historians'' (2004) - a very helpful book with plenty of examples.

----
====Examples====

[[File:Snipfromdoc.png|thumbnail|left|lb (pound) symbol from image 202111008_11389 HCA 30/636/4]]

Mathew Craddock freighter of the Abraham

2021-12-14T15:57:14Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''Page for a profile of Mathew Craddock, freighter of the Abraham'''

Material contributed by Colin Greenstreet and Charlie Wilson

__TOC__
==Primary Sources==

E 214/506 Parties: Sir William Cokayne, kt. and alderman of London, and Mathew Craddock, his late servant. Sir George Hyde of Kingston Lisle co. Berks, AND Sir John Herrers of Tanworth Castle co. Warwick, Walter Ferrers of Yoxall co. Staffs, esq., Thomas Precye of Newbury co. Berks, gent., Thomas Henchman, gent. and William Morse,citizen and skinner of London. Place or Subject: Assignment of lands in Kingston Lisle, Palking and Fawler, or in Uffinghton co. Berks, in trust for Sir William Cockayne and Matthew Craddock. Berks. 2 Feb 1618

E 367/317 Cokayne, William Cradock, Mathew: A half-part of a capital messuage called the Place House, a tenement called the Old Swanne and lands in West Lynn; lands in North Lynn; lands in Clench Wharton.1631

PROB 11/186/245 Will of Mathew Cradock, Merchant of Saint Swithin, City of London 04 June 1641

[http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/HCA_30/636/6_Abraham_Letter_Copy_Book#Mathew_Craddocke_to_.3FThomas_Anthony.3B_dated_August_4th_1637.2C_London.2C_received_in_Middleburg.2C_Zeeland.2C_August_11th_1637.3B_Copy Letter from Mathew Craddocke to ?Thomas Anthony; dated August 4th 1637, London, received in Middleburg, Zeeland, August 11th 1637; Copy]

----
==Matthew Craddock's will==

Note: This will (PROB 11/186/245) has been transcribed from the copy held by the National Archives. There is a transcription of Matthew Cradock's will in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register v. 9, no. 2, p. 122 (1855), in an article entitled ''Notes on the Cradock Family (communicated by W.H. Whitmore)''.

The NEHGR transcription appears to be based on a copy of the will entered into the register of the Medford, MA probate courts, as Craddock owned property there. It ends "Entered and recorded the 12th of February 1642 by Thomas Danforth, Recorder".

However, this widely replicated transcription includes many errors, miss-spellings, and omissions and it is not clear whether these are due to editing by the 19th century publishers, or differences between the copy of the will that was entered in the PCC books, and that which made it to America a year later.

<blockquote>
I Mathew Cradock of London, merchant, being
in perfect memorie and bodily health thanks be given to God therefore
doe hereby make and ordayne this my last will and testament in manner
and forme following (that is to say) First I bequeath my soule into the hands
of the Almighty God, trusting by the merits of the death and passion of our Lord and
Saviour Jesus Christ only to obtaine remission and pardon of all my sinnes; My body when
it shall please God to seperate it from my soule, I recomend to the Earth in assured confidence
of a glorious resurrection att the great and dreadfull day of Judgement. As for my
outward estate wherewith God of his goodness hath endowed me, I have ever accounted
myself butt a steward thereof, and therefore humblie intreate the Almighty to
inable mee soe to demeane my selfe in the disposeing thereof as that I may through
his mercie in the merits of Christ bee alwayes prepared to give a comfortable
accompt of my stewardshipp; I do hereby order in the first place that all such
debts as are any manner of way by mee iustlie due and oweing to any person
whatsoever bee truely and fully satisfyed and payd. And whereas by Accompt
made upp lately with the widow of Stephen Benister late of London
clothworker deceased, there appeareth by the said Bennisters Booke by the acquitances
for monyes paid in his life tyme and to his widdow since his death, that there is att this
present due to the said widdow aswell for cloth bought of her late husband of his own
clothes, and also of John Butler, Thomas Webb, Edward Webb and Thomas Jarvis
there makeing in all the sume of Twoe hundred Seaventie and five poundes and
one shillinge; I doe hereby order, That uppon sufficient discharge from the said
Billes against the widdow and my self in the Court of Requests, the said Sume
of Two hundred seaventie five poundes and one Shillinge bee paid And further-
more affex a full and generall release sealed, signed and as her deede [deliXed]
by the said widdow to the rest of my Executors or Administrators, I doe order
Fifty poundes more to be paid and given to the said widdow Being her Alsoe [XXherXXs]
Henry Colthurst sonne of Thomas Colthurst deceased pr?ends monies to be due to him
and his mother from mee wherein abyett? I would never bee satisfyed of the trieth
and witness thereof; I desire Mr William Pennoyer who is best acquainted with
all and every amount that any way concernes the said Colthurst and mee, that hee
should examine and perfect the same accompts and if ought bee in my handes in [slXy]
due to the said Henry Colthurst or his mother, or both, that it bee fully satisfyed with
consideration for the tyme it hath beene in my handes untill it shallbe paid and
saitsfyed. The debtes I owe to all and every person whatsoever swiftly and truely
to be proved being first paide and satisfyed, The remaynder of my estate I give
and bequeath as followeth First I give to the poore of the parish of St. Peters
the poore in Broad Streete London where I served my apprenticeship Forty pounds
Item to the poore of the prish of Saint Swithins where I now dwell one hundred
poundes, the said severall sumes to be imployed in the said severall parishes as a stocke
for the use of the poore, the benefitt whereof I will to be distributed once every
yeare to the poore of the said severall parishes att the discretion of the Inhabitants
of every parish att a meeting in the severall vestries, or the greater number then
present, This to be taken out of the thirde part of my estate which by the
custome of the Cittie of London is at my disposeing, One third part of my whole
nett or cleare estate (my debtes being first paid and sattisfyed) I give and bequeath
according to the laudable and ancient custome of the Cittie of London, to my
deere??ous and loveing wife Rebecca Cradocke, One other thirde parte of my
said estate, according to the ancient custome of the Cittie of London, I do give to
my daughter Damaris and to such other childe or children as it shall please God here-
after to give mee by my said wife Rebecca. Moreover I doe give and bequeath
to my said deare and loveing wife all my household stuffe and plate, att my house in
London where I dwell, and att a house I hould att Rumford in Essex as also the
lease of my dwelling house in London, onely out of my plate and household stuffe aforesaid

I give to my said daughter Damaris to the value of fifty poundes in such particulars as my
said wife shall order and appointe the same Moreover I doe give unto my loveing wife afore-
said to be by her enioyed during her naturall life the One halfe of all the estate I now have
or shall have in New England in America att the tyme of my decease, and after the
decease of my wife aforesaid, I doe give and bequeath the moity of my moveables and
immoveables hereby intended to be enioyed by my wife during her naturall life unto my
brother Samuell Cradocke and his heires male, and for the other moity of my estate
in New England aforesaid, I doe hereby give and bequeath the same to my daughter
Damaris and the yssue of her body to be lawfully begotten, and for want of such yssue to my
said brother Samuell and his heires male aforesaid, And my will is that when my wife
shall marry, That in such case her then intended husband before their marriage shall
become bounde to my said brother and his heires in Twoe Thousand poundes of lawfull
money of England not to sell away or alienate any parte of the mMoity of my lande
hereby intended and bequeathed to my wife and consequently to him during her naturall
life and that hee shall leave at the tyme of her decease in personall estate there-
for my brother and his heires to enioy after the decease of my said wife att least for the
full value of Five hundred pounds Starlinge in moveable goods. and whosoever shall marry
with my said daughter Damaris, I doe hereby will and order that before Marriage, hee likewise
shall enter into the like bonde with the like Covenants and conditions. In case my said daughter
departe this life without yssue, and for each of the parties aforementioned, both or eyther
of them hereby inioyned to seale the said severall bonds which shall refuse or neglect to
doe the same and to deliver the said bond or bonds to my said brother or his heire then being
in legall and lawfull manner; I doe hereby declare; That immediately from and after
such marryage respectively, the Moity of the estate hereby intended to the partie so
marryeing and not giveing bonde as aforesaid shalbe, and I doe hereby bequeath the
same, to my said brother Samuell and his heires. Any thinge before mentioned to
the contrary notwithstanding. Moreover I do give to my brother Samuel
Cradocke and to my sister his wife Five hundred pounds, and to every one of the
Children of my said brother, I doe give One hundred pounds. Moreover to his sonne
Samuel now Student in Emanuell Colledge in Cambridge, I doe give for his
maynetennce for Three yeares, Forty poundes per Annum and to his sonne Mathew for
his better preferment whereby to place him with an able Merchant, Two hundred
poundes And I doe give Twenty poundes yearly to my said brother Samuell
towards the maynetennce of my brother and Sister Sawyer, And to my sister Dorothie
Sawyer if she live after the decease of her husband, I doe give Twoe hundred
poundes. Item to Dorothy Sawyer daughter to my said Sister Sawyer I give for
her better preferment in Case shee wilbe advised by my wife in her Marriage Twoe
hundred pounds. To the rest of my Sister Sawyer's children I do give to every of
them Fifty poundes. Alsoe to my cosine Hannah Jorden now dwelling with mee
I doe give One hundred poundes To my maid servants Five pounds to every of
them. I doe give to Thomas Hodiline and Edward Lewes, to either of them
for every of their One Eight part of the profitt of my Island trade untill
such tyme as the Accompts for all shipt out shalbe perfected And to the ende
they shall doe their best indeavors to effect the perfectinge and cleareing thereof
the sume of Six hundred poundes to each of them, yf they declare them selves
to accept of this my Offer within three monethes after publishing of this my
will and testament, Or else to have their severall equall One eight parte
of the cleare profitt by the trade aforesaid from the tyme I promised the
same untill the Accomptes for the same shalbe perfected, which is to be done
by their helpe and indeavors, Item I do desire and intreate Mr William
Cokayne to assist my wife aforesaid whom I make sole Executrix of this
my last will and testament, to gett in my estate, to see my debtes paide and
my will performed. Given as my last will and testament this Nynth day of November
One thousand Six hundred and forty. Mathew Cradock. Witnesses hereunto Edward
Buds, William Alvey, Richard Hovell.
<blockquote>

==Secondary Sources==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Cradock Wikipedia entry: Matthew Craddock]

[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Cradock,_Matthew Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cradock, Matthew]

Cradock, Matthew (c. 1590–1641), Troy O. Bickham, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/6562

Andrew Hardie will

2021-12-14T12:31:00Z

ColinGreenstreet: Created page with "'''Page for the transcription of Andrew Hardie's will''' [VIV WELLER PLANS TO DO THIS]"

'''Page for the transcription of Andrew Hardie's will'''

[VIV WELLER PLANS TO DO THIS]

Andrew Hardie master of the Abraham

2021-12-14T11:53:19Z

ColinGreenstreet:

===The life of Andrew Hardy, master of the Abraham: Research notes ongoing===

Material contributed by Charlie Wilson

====Family====

Andrew Hardy married Mary Temple at Saint Dunstan and All Saints, Stepney. The marriage was by licence from the Office of Faculties, but unfortunately the records from this time period are not extant.

<Blockquote>Andrew Hardy of Shadwell marinr & Mary Temple of ye same maid maried
by licence out of the office of Faculties Wednesday Novemb: 4 1629 <ref name="London Registers">Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812''
Original data: Church of England Parish Registers, 1538-1812. London, England: London Metropolitan Archives; Reference Number: P93/DUN/265</ref></Blockquote>

Andrew and Mary's son George was baptised on 20th November 1631.

<blockquote>1631 Christnings
November
20 | George sonne of Andrew Hardy of Shadwell marinr & Mary [...] <ref name="London Registers" /></blockquote>

This image of the register is badly scanned, but other entries have the age in days at the RHS, so the original may provide this.

A daughter, Margaret was born in 1635.

<blockquote>Christenings 1635
Aprill | 8 | Margaret daughter of Andrew Hardy of Shadwell mariner & Mary ux | 6 [days old] <ref name="uxor">uxor = his wife</ref><ref name="London Registers 2">Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812''
Original data: Church of England Parish Registers, 1538-1812. London, England: London Metropolitan Archives; Reference Number: P93/DUN/256</ref></blockquote>

A burial is recorded for Margaret in July 1644.

<blockquote>Burialls at Stepney 1644
July | 15 | Margarite daughter of Andrew Hardy of Shadwell Mariner & Mary uxr<ref name="uxor" /><ref name="London Registers 3">Ancestry.com. ''London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812''
Original data: Church of England Parish Registers, 1538-1812. London, England: London Metropolitan Archives; Reference Number: P93/DUN/277</ref></blockquote>

Less than a month later, the burial of another child, Mary, appears.

<blockquote>Burialls at Stepney 1644
August | 9 | Mary daughter of Andrew Hardey of Shadwell Mariner & Mary uxr [uxor=wife] <ref name="London Registers 3" /></blockquote>

====Possible sibling====

In the same parish registers we find John Hardin, shipwright of Shadwell and his wife, Bridget Vade?. The couple married in Saint Dunstans in 1631.

John's surname is variously spelled Hardin, Harding or Hardinge, and Andrew Hardy's surname is similarly variable in its spelling, so it is possible that this is Andrew's brother and sister in law.

However, this is currently merely conjecture and requires further investigation.

<blockquote>Christnings at Stepney 1637
August | 2 | Andrew son of John Hardin of Shadwell Shipwright & Bridget ux | 4 [days old]<ref name="London Registers 2" /></blockquote>

Charlie New Page

2021-12-14T11:49:34Z

ColinGreenstreet: Created page with "Charli'e new page"

Charli'e new page

HCA 30/636/2 Transcriptions

2021-12-11T13:16:39Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''This page is the home page for volunteers working on HCA 30/636/2 materials'''

Transcriptions contributed by Colin Greenstreet

==== Transcription conventions====
# Transcribe as you see the text, using original spelling
# Reproduce upper and lower case as written
# Expand contractions. No need to use square brackets as you expand the contracted word.
# Write shillings for ''s'' and pence for ''d''. Use a "£" sign before numeral, otherwise "pound" or "pounds"
# Put a square bracket around a word which is doubtful. Use capital "X" for each unknown letter in a word. Put a "?" at the start of the doubtful word in square brackets. As in [?AndrXX] or [?Andro].
# For weights and measures, which are often abbreviated, think "hundredweight" (112 pounds), "stones" (14 pounds), "pounds", "ounces" (16 ounces in a pound); "barrels", "butts", "hogsheads"; "gallons" (1 gallon = 4 quarts), "quarts" (1 quart = 2 pints), pints"; "ells" (measure of cloth). For more background on C17th weights and measures browse the [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Weights_and_Measures MarineLives weights and measures glossary]
# For ordinal and cardinal numbers, very occasionally the roman as opposed to arab system is used
# DON'T insert the amounts of money recorded in the account books if on the RH side of the page. Colin is sorting out most efficient way to enter tabular data in the wiki. Until then, concentrate on the words.
====Transcription tips====
Think laterally. Andrew Hardie's spelling in his account book in in HCA 30/636/3 is particularly unusual.

Colin (a half Scot) is convinced Hardie is a Scot, but has no proof, other than the intriguing fact that Hardie dictated his will, whilst sick and living in the "Scot's house" in Middleburg, after the ''Abraham'' had arrived there from Barbados.
----
__TOC__
----
===Ledger for goods sold at Barbados===
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115148

[LEATHER COVER; WITH TNA HANDWRITTEN LABEL]
----
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115202

[LEATHER COVER]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115205

[SIDE VIEW OF LEATHER BINDING FROM FRONT]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115211

[BACK COVER]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115214

[SIDE VIEW OF LEATHER BINDING FROM BACK]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115227

[INSIDE FRONT COVER]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115230

[KALENDAR, LYING ON RECTO PAGE OF LEDGER BOOK]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115240

[PENCIL: HCA 30/632/2]
----
===Kalendar===
----
IMAGE: 20211008_115243

[KALENDAR]

[ADD DATA]
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'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115326

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115343

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115403

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115420

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115432

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115508

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115529

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115545

'''Verso and Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_115600

'''Verso and Recto'''

[KALENDAR REAR COVER]

[ADD DATA]
----

HCA 30/636/5 Transcriptions

2021-12-11T11:12:49Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''This page is the home page for volunteers working on HCA 30/636/5 materials'''

Transcriptions contributed by Colin Greenstreet

==== Transcription conventions====
# Transcribe as you see the text, using original spelling
# Reproduce upper and lower case as written
# Expand contractions. No need to use square brackets as you expand the contracted word.
# Write shillings for ''s'' and pence for ''d''. Use a "£" sign before numeral, otherwise "pound" or "pounds"
# Put a square bracket around a word which is doubtful. Use capital "X" for each unknown letter in a word. Put a "?" at the start of the doubtful word in square brackets. As in [?AndrXX] or [?Andro].
# For weights and measures, which are often abbreviated, think "hundredweight" (112 pounds), "stones" (14 pounds), "pounds", "ounces" (16 ounces in a pound); "barrels", "butts", "hogsheads"; "gallons" (1 gallon = 4 quarts), "quarts" (1 quart = 2 pints), pints"; "ells" (measure of cloth). For more background on C17th weights and measures browse the [http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Weights_and_Measures MarineLives weights and measures glossary]
# For ordinal and cardinal numbers, very occasionally the roman as opposed to arab system is used
# DON'T insert the amounts of money recorded in the account books if on the RH side of the page. Colin is sorting out most efficient way to enter tabular data in the wiki. Until then, concentrate on the words.
====Transcription tips====
Think laterally. Andrew Hardie's spelling in his account book in in HCA 30/636/3 is particularly unusual.

Colin (a half Scot) is convinced Hardie is a Scot, but has no proof, other than the intriguing fact that Hardie dictated his will, whilst sick and living in the "Scot's house" in Middleburg, after the ''Abraham'' had arrived there from Barbados.
----
__TOC__
----
===Unnamed accounts===
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134518

[FRONT PAPER COVER; BROWN]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134524

[SIDE VIEW OF SPINE OF FRONT PAPER COVER; BROWN]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134532

[ACCOUNT BOOK AND OTHER PAPERS]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134544

[ACCOUNT BOOK; INSIDE FRONT COVER]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134557

'''Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134618

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134632

'''Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134648

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134720

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134746

[SMALL PAPER NOTE]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134806

[SMALL PAPER NOTE: REAR VIEW]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134820

[SMALL PAPER NOTE: FRONT VIEW]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134835

[SMALL PAPER NOTE: REAR VIEW]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134845

[SMALL PAPER NOTES IN POSITION WITHIN ACCOUNT BOOK]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134852

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134855

[INSIDE PAPER COVER; BROWN]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134902

[REAR PAPER COVER; BROWN]
----
===Mr Ashman's accounts===
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134918

Mr Ashman's account
----
IMAGE: 20211008_134934

Mr Ashman's account
----
IMAGE: 20211008_135005

Mr Ashman's account: double page
----
IMAGE: 20211008_135012

Mr Ashman's account: verso
----
IMAGE: 20211008_135016

Mr Ashman's account: verso
----
[ADD PAGES]
----
===Thomas Anthony's accounts===
IMAGE: 20211008_140247

'''Thomas Anthonyes Acco[unts]
@ 1637

No 12

----
IMAGE: 20211008_140301

'''Verso and Recto'''

'''Verso'''

[ADD DATA]

'''Recto'''

[ADD DATA]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_140306

'''Verso'''

'''1636'''

The accompt of monys disbourst and leayd furth ffor goods by
[?ordar] and for thaccompt of mr mathew Cradock and his parttners
of London marchants in kinsall in Irland beinge as followeth
----
Imprimis ffor 5 Candell Chests to packe oure Candlls with and
for the [?XXXX] to light them and Carringe to the warre hosse
more ffor 20 dusson of Candlls at 4 [?shillings] [?6 pence] per dusson is
more ffor 29dusson 8 pounds in 3 [?shillings] [?6 pence] the dusson mounteth to
----
and for 20 dusson of Irishe stockins bought of morrishe Longe
of morrose to saye 10 dusson in 7 [?shillings] and 10 dusson in 7 shillings both
moreof him 3 dusson in 5 shillings 6 pence per dusson is
more of Robart Tatchell of Bandon bande [?hosheal] 31 dusson
in 8 shillings 6 pence per dusson
----
[ADD DATA]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_140309

'''Recto'''

'''1636'''

HCA 30/636/6 Transcriptions

2021-12-10T16:03:43Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''This page is for the transcription of digital images in the HCA 30/636/6 Dropbox folder'''

Transcriptions contributed by Colin Greenstreet

'''Transcription conventions'''
# Transcribe as you see the text, using original spelling
# Reproduce upper and lower case as written
# Expand contractions. No need to use square brackets as you expand the contracted word.
# Write shillings for s and pence for d. Use a "£" sign before numeral, otherwise "pound" or "pounds"
# Put a square bracket around a word which is doubtful. Use capital "X" for each unknown letter in a word. Put a "?" at the start of the doubtful word in square brackets. As in [?AndrXX] or [?Andro].
# For weights and measures, which are often abbreviated, think "hundredweight" (112 pounds), "stones" (14 pounds), "pounds", "ounces" (16 ounces in a pound); "barrels", "butts", "hogsheads"; "gallons" (1 gallon = 4 quarts), "quarts" (1 quart = 2 pints), pints"; "ells" (measure of cloth). For more background on C17th weights and measures browse the MarineLives weights and measures glossary
# For ordinal and cardinal numbers, very occasionally the roman as opposed to arab system is used
DON'T insert the amounts of money recorded in the account books if on the RH side of the page. Colin is sorting out most efficient way to enter tabular data in the wiki. Until then, concentrate on the words.

'''Transcription tips'''
Think laterally. Andrew Hardie's spelling in his account book in in HCA 30/636/3 is particularly unusual.

Colin (a half Scot) is convinced Hardie is a Scot, but has no proof, other than the intriguing fact that Hardie dictated his will, whilst sick and living in the "Scot's house" in Middleburg, after the Abraham had arrived there from Barbados.
----
__TOC__
----
IMAGE: 20211008_141834

[PAPER FRONT COVER]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_141834

'''Verso and Recto'''

'''Verso'''

[BLANK PAGE]

'''Recto'''

1633
The 18th day of Novembr beinge Tuesdaye ouer
shippe put furth of [?XXXXX] in to kynge Road
----
IMAGE: 20211008_141845

'''Verso and Recto'''

'''Verso'''

[BLANK PAGE]

'''Recto'''

No B
----
IMAGE: 20211008_141903

[ADD DATA]
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IMAGE: 20211008_141903

'''Verso and Recto'''

'''Verso'''

November 1633

The least of the Companys waidgs of the
merchant Bonne Adventure of [?LXXXXXX]
the [?XXXXXX] bound for [??Castell]

Imprimis
Mr Thomas Lee
Thomas Anthony
Tobias White
Drew Dabson sergant
William Cotton
Christofer Read pilot £11 for his waidgs to passidge
Abram Pauline
Thomas Payton
John Porter bottson
Joseph Lyes [?coup]
Edward Brotone
Thomas Mondy
Robard Travilian
Nicklas Parry
[?XXXXXX] Swanly
Thomas tayler
William Bonner
Thomas Barton
ffrances Jones
Thomas yorcke gunnar
hugh hawkings
Andrew shepheard
Thomas [?Xwone]
humphry Brotone
George Tayler
henry Redman
William hitch cocke
Simon keetch
William hendly
hughe Wyans
George passett
William hardy
----
past
[ADD DATA]
migall maxten
[ADD DATA]

1633
monyes desbursed by mr John Steevans
to the company in bristoll as Appeareth

Imprimis to mr William Cotton
more to ffrancs Johns
more to Josepa Lyes
Receaved more to hughe hawkins, receaved by the master
more to William hutche cocke
[?XXX] more to George Talor, Receaved by the master
more to Roger Robbine dischardg
----
past and chardge in his accompt as Appeareth

Noot that the 18th of Novembr our shippe
sette sayle furth of [?XXXX] in to Kinge
rodde and the 22th of the sayd moneth we
sett sayle furthe of kinge rodde and
the next daybeinge the 23th we arrived
at nyght at the pashidge at Corcke
----
[?XXXX]
----
'''Recto'''

----
IMAGE: 20211008_141903

'''Verso and Recto'''

'''Verso'''

[ADD DATA]

----
A noot of the Nedfull as hath nine
comanded by donfrancisco and Captin [?fellesshea]
furth of our shipps storre as Apereth

Imprimis the 30th of december 1633 in the River
of Corcke 5 Barregus of beere for the shippe

more the last of metch Englishe still in the
[?XXXtheXXXX] by the ordar and for the takin of A prise
from A hollandar neere 3 [?hogsheads] of Sidar beuridge
a hundreth and quartar of bread A quartar fish and halfe
A packe of pesson uppon the portengall [?marreXXXors]
and souldiers which ware Aboard nere 200 in all

more the seayde daye beinge the 31th and last
of metche ther was spent 16 pieces of ordnance
to seaye 12 sackers 4 mynnions with the shotte
and licke wise towe shotte of powdar delivered to the souldiars
that were Aboard us for the small shotte and by
ther ordar

The 2th of Appreall at the gournars returne from
the [?seaye] and by ther ordar [?] peeces ordnance

The 20th of App[re]all to Phillisean 2 pounds of
muskett powdar by his ordar in the [?match XXXX]

The 25th of June thar was delivered by Philliseans
ordar in lixburne 1 pound 3/4 of muskett powdar

The 9th of maye in lansarott by phillipsean
ordar which shulde have gon before A basse of beer 2 pounds
of Candells and A quarte of mastar sead<ref>"mastar sead" = mustard seed</ref>
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142026

'''Verso and Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142026

'''Verso'''

Accompt of mony disbursed for the use of the
Worshippfull Pietar Richaut to Walds [?XXXXX]
the merchant Bonauenture from Bristoll and
leayd furth by mr John Steuens Ad 1633

Imprimis to William Pope for 40 bushills pesse at 3 shillings 8 pence [per] bushill

ffor Chardgs of mr Paulings comeinge downe and by mr Moyer

To William Curlles for 44 bushills pessen at 3 shillings 9 pence

To [?XXXX] Jones for 7 bushills and A pecke oatmeale

ffor 6 bushills pessen bought in the market

more for 5 bushills pease

ffor 18 bushills of mr william Wyat at 3 shillings 8 pence [per] bushill

To hugghe Lewes for 7 bushills and A pecke mastard
Seed at 5 shillings 6 pence and A barrell

more to him for 5 bushills peson at 3 shillings 8 pence a bushill

more to mr Richard [BLANK] for 6 [?tonns] 2 barrills
of beere at 3 shillings per tonn as per his bill A peareth

more for Thomas Turneau bakear for 59 hundredweight 3/4 at
13 shillings 8 pence 1/3 at 16 shillings per hundredweight

To Thomas Yates baker for 30 hundred brad 3/4 at
15 shillings 8 pebce and 1/3 at 16 shillings per hundred

To portars and men to watche the lighters

ffor 3 lockes for the Scuttles

ffor [?dealle] to Alderman Cooke for the bread [?XXX]

ffor A bay[?XXX] of Charcholl

ffor Beffe to William Shapheard

ffor Salting chardgs

for portridge of letters

more payd for Cookes stowes

ffor 12 gallans vinnegar

ffor 28 pounds of Candells

more for lyghters to carry Aboard the shipps provizon

more for Carringe of provizon

more to portars for ladinge the lightars

ffor Entringe the shippe in Custome house and
[?shXXXX] offes

for 6 pounds of sewett

more for wood

ffor moneye to hallelirs to hall doune the provizon

ffor 5 hundred newelandfishe at 14 shillings per hundred

ffor 27 bushills of Salt at 2 shillings 6 pence per bushill

To a meshingar sent Aboard for [?XXXX]

To Thomas Burton as per bill for Cupps [?XXXX]

To John Jones smith for Iron hoopes for 26
butts and pipes and 6 tonn hoggs and 6 barreoos

TO Allixandr Laumbar for 8 lanthornes

ffor Sealridge of beffe and salt

ffor A firkin of buttar 70 pounds neate

ffor 2 lockes

more for hallinge doune of provizon

more for 2 hundred ofg [?chasse] in 14 Chestes at 201/2 per pound

more in mony desburst to the marrenars

To moneye [?XXXX] of mr Moyer twentie pound
----
'''Recto'''

[BLANK]
----
[ADD PAGES]
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142226

'''Verso'''

16

1634

Thaccompt of suche moneyes as was Received for
pashingars and goods past from the Tarreras
to lixborne beinge as [?XXX] and the 26th of June
and Received by Phillipeano Salgado

Imprimis of Sixe fathers of the Company of Jhesus
which payd Thurtye thre myll res beinge

of [?XXXX] fathar francescanus Twelve
myll rese is

of Jacomo Antonio for him selfe And Another
yuthe that was Robed Seuen thousand Reese is

more of him for 115 hides at 2 hundred 1/2 the pere is

ffor pashidge of Towe neagars five thousand
Rees which is 125 Rees

ffor A prest and A yuthe which leaye in the greate
Cabine phillipsean duth take to him selfe

ffor pashidge of 54 smalle hides at 2 Rees the peece

ffor pashidge of [?three] small chests foure thou-
sand maruades is 100 Rees

ffor pashidge of other Towe neagars five thousand
marruades is 125 Rees

more of A pashingar that was Robed Three thousand
maruades is 75 Rees

more of A student and one Robbed sixe thousand
maruardes is 150 Rees

more for pashidge of A negar letle boye A thousand
five hundreth Rees is 37 Rees 1/2

more for other towe negars five thousand maruades

more for other towe negars foure thousand
Rees which is 100 Rees

more for Another negar towe thousand Rees is

more for pashidge of Towe fathar from lansar
Rotte which Came from Santo[?maye] and for the dyeate
Twentye thousand maruades is 500 Rees
----
[ADD PAGES]

----
==Account book of Thomas Anthony: No. D==
IMAGE: 20211008_142603

[PAPER COVER]

No D
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142613

'''Verso and Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142619

'''Recto'''

1634

The 16th of July Received by Manuell
Letton 29 muyes of salt the
boote wher in William Bonnar Neat is
The seayd daye by Allfonsa gomes
wherin came A parteingall 29 moyes salt
more the seayd daye by Manuel furnanes
wherin was Robart swanly 27 moyes
wher in Came [?XXXX] Johnes 27 moyes
The 17th received by Allfonca gomes whearin
William Bonnar was 29 moyes
The seayd 17th by manuell gonsalles
wher in was Robart Treeuellean 58 moyes
The 18th by Anthony Nunes mr whear
in Came Thomas [?MoXXXe] 29 moyes
The 19th by [?Xuanbell] fernandes wher
in was William Bonnar 20 moyes
The seayd 19th by Manuell gonsalles wher
in was domingo [BLANL] the biskenar 57 moyes
The seayd 19th by Gonsall rodregues in
whom was Robart Swably 28 moyes
The 21th of July by Manuell fernandes
wher in was ffrances Johns 21 mues
The seayd 21th by John Garrells 16 moyes
with out Any one of our company with herr
The 22th by Manuell Eston wher in
was ffrancs James 30 moyes is
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142630

'''Verso and Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142636

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142638

'''Recto'''

----
IMAGE: 20211008_142648

'''Verso and Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142653

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142656

'''Recto'''

----
IMAGE: 20211008_142705

'''Verso and Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142709

'''Verso'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142712

'''Recto'''

----
IMAGE: 20211008_142721

'''Verso and Recto'''
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142725

'''Verso'''

1634

Noot that the 10th of September I came to mr
John Michells house at night And Agred
with him and his wiffe for my lodginge dyeate
And washinge to seaye 6 pence [A XXXXX]And 12 pence
A weeke for beddinge and washinge And so to
Cotenue as longe as I shall remayne in the house

Imprimis the forsayd 10th of September I supte
The 11th of the seayd I supte
The 12th of the seayd I supte
The 13th of the seayd I supte
The 14th beinge sondaye I dined
And supte
The 15th of the seayd I supte
The 16th I supte is
The 17th I supte is
The 18th supte is
The 19th supte is
The 20th supte is
The 21th beinge sondaye dynte and supte
The 22th supte did suppe is
The 23th supte did suppe i
The 24th and 25th did suppe is

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(18

1635

The 14th Apprell I was shippe in the
George Sir William Cottinns shipp by
mr Robart Molton and I to have by
the moonth as [?Amletts] of his the licke
wadges as hee geueth the [?XXXXXX]

The 18th of the seayd Apprell the master
sheeped my soone [?Raymound] and to feue
him by the month as he gave to othear [?XX]
[?seters] which aftar warrs was agreed for [?XX]
by the moneth

The 13th of Maye it was ordred and Agreed
by the mr Robart Moulton that I should
have fiftye shellings the month. And my
Sonn Raymond is 18 shillings the month and I Received £1 10 shillings
the seayd time 30 shillings [?XXbouts] our halfe paye
for what was past tiel we come tograues
Ennd
----
1635
ffebruary

The fearst of ffebruary Raymond was
shipped in the [?SXXX] by the mr
Wollman and is to have 20 shillings per month
and was shipped in my presents

The 18th of martche 1635 Raymond
went from lyme house to the [?Soone]
beinge at Graues Ennd in company of
Walter hollman who goeth in the [?XXXd]
and in his Company
----
IMAGE: 20211008_142848

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1635

The 28th of Apprell of the mr William
haymon 20 shillings lent money is

The last of the seayd Received of Sir William
Cottennes man £20 by ordar and [?AXXX]
from the mr Robart Moulton for the seayd
which I Receive uppon my voiadge

The 5th of maye Received of Mr John
Barkear of Bristoll Alderman, £25
with some he douth Adventar with me
I beinge bound for the Island of fyall
or Anye othear place within or without
the streeates in the George of London mr Robart
Moulton, and with in Amounts of her
Saffe retourne to Repaye the sayd
£25 with the halfe of the proffet which
shall Accrewe of geayne by the seayd
----

1635

The 10th of november peayd to mr)
Thomas Puliston of London [?XXXcke])
man by vertue of A letter recived the 9th)
of this instant from mr Edward Payne)
and for the use of mr John Barker)
Alldearman of Bristoll the some of £25)
which is ffor the licke some he ventred)
with me in the George of London as A)
[?BoXXe] seayd, for which I have his Receppt)

----
IMAGE: 20211008_142855

'''Recto'''

1636

Memorandum that the 29th of martche I gave
mr Edward Payne of Bristoll my bille for
five pound seaven sheillings which he desburst
to my selfe and to my wiffe and sonne to
Raymond to peaye when god shall in Able
me and ther fore no time seet dounne on
the bill for payment is
----
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11

1635

Mr Robart Moulton Capten of the George
[?XXX] £10 4 shillings and is [?XXXXXXXXXXXXXX] mr John
Boys Apuented me to receive of him and
he the sayd Moulton Exsepted the sayd
to paye at the Arivall in Any place in
England as per [?AXXXXX] A peece per [?XX]
more £5 11 shillings 6 pence by [?Apuent] ment of
humphay Cadburrye and the [?searcher]
Capten Moulton Exsepted the seayd
more £9 8 shillings by Apuente ment from
mr John Brandon and the seayd captin
moulton exsepted the seayd to paye
as Afore seayd and hath undear
wrotten ther nuots as by the seayd Apereth
----
1635

mr Robart Molton Above seayd
is dew £25 8 shillings 6 pence videlicet and
to seaye £5 8 shillings 6 pence to me in
monye and £20 I descounted
and allowe him ffor the licke
some that was lennt me by
Sir William Cottells ordear be
ffor my goinge to Sea in the Saint
George bound for Brasell [?XX]
----
1635

The 22th of [?XXXX] Received of mr Mathew
Cradocke £10 for my accompt which is
to wards my Employe ment in the
Abrahame bound for Eirland and
[?veuageinge]
----
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----
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1634

The 31th and last of July we sette seayle
from the Castell of Saint touves Called at
tonne whear [?we] [?XXX] 2 dayes for A wind

The 9th of September our shippe Came in to the
Poole of douvre wher I was sett A shore and went
post to London, and was landed About 12 of the
clocke at myd daye And was in London the next
morninge by 8 of the clocke,

The 13th of the seayd shee Came to Black walle

The 18th of the seayd shee Came before lyme house

1634
----
The 14th of ffebruary Agreed with mr Washington
of [?lencomes] End by mr John Barker meaynes
that my sonne George shall serve him since
[?XXXXX] ffor meate, dreenke and App[ar]ell with
washinge and [?XXXinge], And went to him
the 18th of the seayd month
----
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1633

A noot of oure ferst departur from [?hunXX]
And what time we Arived and departed from
Euery porte as here Aftar Apereth

Imprimis the marchant BonAdventure departed furth of
hungrod into kyngrode the 18th of November

The 22th of the seayd shee departed furth of kyngrod
and Arived at the pashidge in the River of Corcke
the next daye beinge the 23th

The 16th of January About Aleuen of the clocke in the daye
we sette syale furth of the rivar of Corcke

The 30th of January we Arived in the pashidge

The 15th of martche we put furth of the pashidge
beinge the [?thard] time of our goinge furth and so [?XXXXXX]

The 29th of the sayd martche we arived in the Rood
of the Mathearas

The 2th of Maye we sette to seaye from funchall in
the matheras for lanserott,

The 5th of the sayd maye we Arived in the Roode of
Lansarotte at nyghte and the next daye landed our pashingers

The 14th pf the seayd maye we sette seayle from
Lansarrott for Lixburne with the wind next ar North

The 2th of June we Arived by meaynes of contrary
winds in the Roade of Tarre Tarreca which we did for the
best [?XXXXXXXXXXXXXX} to have hadd storre of dryght for Lixburne

To the 6th of June we sette sayle from the Tarroca for
lixburne

The 23th of the sayd June we Arived at Belline in the
River of Lixborne and the next daye we went before
the Cittye of Lixborne

The 10th of July we sett seayle from Lixborne to Belline and
the next daye beinge the 11th daye we sett furth for
Saint touells

The 12th of the seayd July we Arived before the towne
of Saint touells
----

HCA 30/636/6 Abraham Letter Copy Book

2021-12-09T14:56:06Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''This page is for the transcription of digital images in the HCA 30/636/6 Dropbox folder, which are of letters written by the factors on the ship the Abraham'''

Michael D. Bennett devotes a case study in his doctoral thesis to ‘Mathew Craddock and the 1636-7 voyage of the Abraham’, Michael D. Bennett, ‘Merchant Capital and the Origins of the Barbados Sugar Boom, 1627-1672’, University of Sheffield, June 2020, pp.65-73. His case study draws on documents from HCA 13/636/, of which the Letter Copy Book of the Abraham of London forms part.

Bennett quotes several of the letters in the Letter Copy book, including TNA, HCA 30/636/6 Book E, Thomas Anthony to Matthew Craddock and Company, 19 July 1636 (Bennett, 2020:65, fn.110); TNA, HCA 30/636/6 Book E, Thomas Anthony to Matthew Craddock, 13 February 1636/37 (Bennett, 2020:69, fn.111; fn.114; fn.117; fn.119); TNA, HCA 30/636/6 Book E, William Pennoyer to Thomas Ball, 26 November 1636 (Bennett, 2020: 65, fn.112); TNA, HCA 30/636/6 Book E, Thomas Anthony to Matthew Craddock, 31 July 1637, 4 August 1637, 11 August 1637, 18 August 1637 & Matthew Craddock to Thomas Anthony, 4 August 1637 (Bennett, 2020:73, fn.124)

Transcribers: Holly Brewer, Ian Friel, Colin Greenstreet, Hannah Michelle Nolan, Daisy Turnbull, Charlie Wilson
----
__TOC__

==Front cover==
----
[Unfol.]

[BLANK PAGE]
----
[f.1r]

[BLANK PAGE]
----
==William Pennoyer and the company to Captain Bowyear; dated November 26th 1636, London; Copy==

[f.1v]

The Coppie of A letter to Captin Bowyear from Mr
William pennoyer<ref>William Pennoyer was a Bristol born London merchant. Robert Brenner has portrayed William Pennoyer, and his brother Sammuel Pennoyer, as so-called "New Merchants." He has stressed Pennoyer's supposedly non-establishment, relatively poor family background, and has emphasised Pennoyer's links with Maurice Thompson. In truth, documentation on William Pennoyer's family background is relatively poor. Moreover, arguably William Pennoyer's commercial career was relatively unusual. William Pennoyer mentions the wife of Sir William Rider (mariner and merchant) in his will, written in May 1670, as a loving friend. ([http://www.marinelives.org/wiki/Tools:_PROB_11/335/241_Will_of_William_Pennoyer_of_London_13_February_1671 PROB 11/335/241 Will of William Pennoyer of London 13 February 1671)]. Interestingly William Pennoyer and Peter Rychaut both inhabited the parish of Saint Hellens Bishopsgate (Rychaut definitely in July 1615; Pennoyer from at least 1638 onwards till his death ca.1670 or 1671).</ref> and the company dated in London the
26th of November 1636<ref>This letter appears to have been sent by William Pennoyer to Barbados, and is a request for Captain Bowyear to assist a ship owned by Pennoyer and partners (presumably the Abraham). A subsequent letter refers to Pennoyer contacting a man in Barbados to assist the ship.</ref>

Captane Bowyear<ref>In 1635, Captain George Bowyer is listed having land holdings of 100 acres Barbados at a plantation named Moonshine Hall, in Saint George parish; and in 1640, the same Captain George Bowyer is listed having land holdings of 130 acres in Saint Andrew parish RB Series, BA. Ronnie Hughes, “Presugar Land Distribution in Barbados,” unpublished seminar paper, Dept. of History, University of West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados, November 1980, no page citation, cited by ‘Chronicle Barbados’, web resource, https://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/Land1630.htm, viewed 09/10/2021</ref> I kindly saleut you unknowen Theys are to
sartify that the Bearer here of a shippe which belongeth
to me, to me and sartin other merchants freinds of myne
here in London And I dowe I[n]treat you to be assistant unto
the master And merchant what yow Can in the putinge up
of thear pashingers and goods for [?Rich] Comodities if it maye
be hadd or ells to such men As will paye, And Also to
Asest them in what Ells they shall have occasion, And I
will see you shall be paid for yor paynes, yow shall have
moor by John [?gleies]<ref>NEED TO CONFIRM NAME AND SEE IF HE IS MENTIONED ELSEWHERE IN LETTERS OR OTHER DOCUMENTATION</ref> who is Accominge, I praye dow your best in
putinge of the goods sent by him, and you shall find more
Employments by our procurement so I rest/
----

==William Pennoyer (London) to Thomas Ball (Barbados); dated November 26th 1636, London; Copy==

[f.1v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Thomas Ball<ref>ADD NOTE ON THOMAS BALL</ref> in Barbados
From mr pennoye in London the 26th of november 1636<ref>Similar content to previous letter with the same date from William Pennoyer to Captain Bowyear.</ref>

Mr Ball theys [XX]lye be sartifing yow that the shipp belongeth to
me and ffrinds of myne merchents of London And therfore I doe
in treat you to asseste the merchant and master the best you Cann to put
of thear pashingers and Comodityes, ffor [?Rich] Comodityes ifitt
to be had, if not to XXX men as will pay at the [?GXXppe]
And ffor your paynes I will see you shall be payd what shall
be Resson, dow your best for us in putting of our goods/
Similar content to previous letter with the same date from William Pennoyer to Captain Bowyear
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated November 11th 1633, Bristol; Copy==

[f.2r]

The Coppie of A letter to Mr Pieter Rychaut from
Bristoll the 11th of November 1633

Worshippfull my selves beinge remembered to yow and to Captain Podder
It maye please yow to understand that mr Lee my selfe and the
rest of our company from London came to thes Cittie on satter
daye at night binge the 9th present And your letter was delivered
the says nyght to mr John Stevans with whom mr Lee hadd
conference touching the shipps redenes and About the mast which
duth sartify him that for the mast in question he fermes
uppon his liffe that the sayd is fattles/ And trew it is that
they have XXXed the XXyd all thought not falty as att
your metinge he will in forme yow the reason of dowinge the sayd
and the master hath taken Anot of mr Steveans what he hath prov-
vided whear of he duth in forme yow to which I refer me, And
thes daye or XXXX XXXX mr Stevans havinge leasur will XXX
have the in voyce of all that he hath provided so that by the
next Convenience I shall be more Able to in forme yow what hath
past/ And so for the present Cravinge pardon for my breffnes
I rest
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated November 17th 1633, Bristol; Copy==

[f.2r]

The Coppie of A letter to Mr Pieter Rychaut from
Bristoll the 17th of November 1633

Worshippfull my selves beinge remembered to yow it maye please yow
to understand that our shippe is well and in a redenes for to seatt
seayll but that we find for the most of the marrenars of
those parts so barre XXX and XXable that they have sett
us very muche by our pretence in our redynes, And whear as yow
hadd doute of mr Pellings proceedings he hath be haved him
selfe very well and Carre full and taketh greate paynes
in luckinge to the shippe and his busines and with so greate A
[?ploode] by mr Steavans of his Carridge that the master hath shipped
him for one of his matts/ And XXX whether as your order is
that the master and my selfe shulde see all things fetted for the
shipps usse and to be A redenes for the fearst feayre wind
and weather that god shall lend to sett furth of [?hony]rode in to
Kynge Rood whear we myght make as letle staye as myght
be with your order me intended to have followed as near as
we maye for savings of Chardgs but that dunfransw de quebarra
duth past us to goe in to kyngrodd and goeth furth with
thretninge Spetche that if we dowe not hastin and gett furth
and prosed that he will protest agaynst us, all be it we dowe
what time will geve leave/ And the marrenars backe wardines is cause
for that they weare not so forwards abute the shipps busines as they ought to
have bine/ but nowe we ar in a redenes to sett seayl with the fearst
feare wind and weathear that shall please god to send/ As it mr
Stevens duth leaye furth and disburse the needful for the shipp
uses And we shall now have tyhccompt with as [?whole] speed as time
Mentions Mr Pelling, who has impressed he master and has been shipped one of this mates
Mentions “dunfransw de quebarr” [Don Francisco de Quebrar]
----
[f.2v]

Will geve leave/ And then we shall be Able to sartify ther of
And more thes beinge the 17th of thes present we have our yeames Acrosse
and had bine in kynge rodd but that we have hadd thes three
dayes very great fogges or mestes in so muche that ther was no dealing
with our shippe/ And what with the ferst feare tidde we in tend god
willinge to sett furthe in to Kyngerodd/ And the formar or beather
for havinge our marrenars Aboard in A readiness that we maye
be XXXX of our Company/ And ther is no other licke but feayre
weather in hand/ And we hoppe to sette furth with mr Halle
who as it stayeth for A wind and hath bine in kyngs rodd the fifteen
or Thentye dayes
Three days of great fogs and mists, but intending soon to go in King’s Road at Bristol.
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated November 21st 1633, King's road [Bristol]; Copy==

[f.2v]

The Coppie of A letter to Mr Pieter Rychaut from
Kynges rodde the 21th of november 1633/

Worshippfull my selves beinge remembred to yow, It maye please yow to
understand that my last to yow was the 17th present to which I refer
me/ And since the seayd we have received thaccompt from Mr [?Rentans]
of what he hath desburst for the shipps provizon/ And undar
neathe and in the seayd accompt ther is licke wisse sett downe
what Chardgs ther hath bine lead furth in pasinge our company
and ther chardgs in bringinge ther clothes to bristol and till theare
gooinge aboard the shippe/ And licke wise ther with goeth A noot
of the Companys wadgs/ And nowe it maye please yow to send
sarst and that the 18th of thes Instant month our shippe went
furth of hunggrod in to kynge rodd with feayre weather and
greate probability of a feayre wind which hath blowen but XXXable
Atendinge for the fearst feayre wind and weather with all our company
Aboard/ And hether untowe we have lost no time as maye Apeare
by mr Halle whos as it is in our company steayinge for wind and
weather as we dowe/ And pleasinge god we shall go from hence
in Company of her/ I would have wrotin yow by mr Lees conveance
but that I ws trobled with AXXXXX one my Ryght hand that I could
not wright yow/ And wrote with greate payne dowe wright yow thes
Which I hoppe will be my last till I wright yow from Irland
to
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated December 25th 1635, Cork; sent via Bristol; Copy==

[f.2v]

The Coppie of A letter to Mr Pieter Rychaut from Cork
The 25th of december 1635 and sent per way of Bristoll

Worshippfull my selves beinge Remembred to you It may please you to send to under
stand that my former to yow was of the 21th of the last from bristoll
by which I Advised you of the recept of thaccompt of chardges leayd furthe
by mr John Stevans for the usse of the shippe, as all so what hadd
bine layd furth and chardgs for the Company from London to Bristoll
which accompts weare sent and in Closed in mr Lees lettar to you wheare
of I don’t not but the seayd Came to your hands, And nowe it maye
please yow to be Advertesd that the 22th of the last we sett furth
----
[f.3r]

of kyngrodd and the next daye beinge the 23th we Arived here in the
River of Corke in saftye god be praysd whear the next daye our master and
my selfe delivered your letter to mr batts who havinge perused the seayd was vearye
sory for not receivinge your letters sent by the XXXX Captin XX hether
untow ar not com to his hands, And by reson ther of suche goods as
yow Apunted to be provided weare not in XXX redenes as other
wise would have bine, And note with as Convenent space as might
be mr Batts will Cause XXXX ladinge as he hath provided to be
sent Abord, which as I learne by him is [?fine] pylchards hacke stock-
kings frises Ruggs And [?fine] wolls/ but for the wolls the Customars will
geve no leave for pasinge for as [?muche] as they have order to the con-
trary as no dout, but mr batts will advise yow, The master And my selfe
ar dayly procuringe what despatch we maye for our redenes, And
we have receaved and put aboard foure and Thentye hoggs of beffe the
Wayght wheare of I cannot sartify untill we have received theaccompt
for that some was bought byhand and some by Wayght, and nowe we
ar provideinge the rest that is nedfull, And for drye fishe here is
none to be hadd, And licke wise for wood verry Scarrse/ and hard
to be gotten, And nowe I thought good to Advise you that I make accompt
ther will be greate compleant to yow by dunfranw who hath bine
verry Emportunat with the master and my selfe to have one of our Cables
for his shippe that is at Lyngofall with one denfall, for feare of the
Want We maye have our selves duth geve furth verry hard soe XXXches
that it shuld have bine bettear for us to have XXXX the seayd
In so muche that he putts is in dout of what maye falle unto is
And thes daye dunfranw is gon for doubtinge for to despatche
his shippe for so muche as he cannot learne or hire what is be-
gon of his firste Captin whose XXXX your letters, And so not having
Ells for the present I rest and remayne your Worshipps to comand
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated December 9th 1633, Cork, sent via Bristol; Copy==

[f.3r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Pieter Rychaut from
Corcke the 9th of december 1633 and sent per waye of bristoll

Worshipp my selves beinge remembred to yow, It maye please yow
to understand that thes is the Coppie of a former sent yow from
Corke by the waye of bristoll the 2th of thes Instant, Sence which wee
have received Another XX of lesse which maketh with the former 25 XX
Which being reported aboard shippe XXX 23 fulle hogsheads whereon
XXXynes 20614 pers/ And for our Buttar cheste Candells wood
and what Ells is nedfull is all in a redenes/ And our stayinge
is for some hacke and pilchards that is to com Aboute from
Kingefall which we Expecte dayly And being Aboard I make no
doute but we shall be sonne redy all be if dubfranw duth pro-
cure what he maye our staye that his shippe maye have our
company/ And him selfe as the present is At dublinge for to
----
[f.3v]

Cleare his shippe for not hirringe what is becom of his XXXXXXX
pt in which yow sent your letters by to mr batts and not as it com to
his hands/ But nowe ther is newes that he is leavinge of whom
ther was dout of for not hirringe of him/ At our departure from your
presents yow promised to send the Coppie of the Charter party which
hether wee have not receaved nor any letter from yow, havinge once
received all things aboard I shall then pleasinge god Advize yow ther of
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated January 1st 1633/34 1633, Cork, sent via Bristol; Copy==

[f.3v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Pieter Reichaut (sic)
the ferst of January 1633 from Corcke and sent by the
Waye of Bristoll

Worshippfull my selves being ferst remembered to yow It may please
you to understand that my last to yow was of the 9th of the
Last by the waye of bristol the which I dout not but Came to
your hands and ther by I advised yow what then past/ And
that donfranw was then Ridinge to dubblinge and at his being
thear he procured a warrant from my Lord delete for the stayinge
of our shippe which was sent to the officers of the Custome house
of Corke, which XXXXXX Chardge and command to them not to cler
us of the says Custome house until it was dunfranws XXXX
which warrant was sent aboard bu the sarcher of thes place the 13th
of december with command not to depart until his pleasur XXX
seayd The Coppie of which warrant yow shall receive here in closed
so that we have remayned under the seayd Command until
the 31th and last of december binge the saude of cleeringe our shippe
Furth of the Custome house, and with order from the says donfranw
Agaynst whom we protested by nottory the 17th of the says
for all damidges and Entrest that myght in sewe by the says
staye, And licke wise I thought good to adverts yow that the
sayd dunfranw hath nine very Emportunat Ever since our ferst
cominge hether for the lent of A cable for his shippe who is
nowe in thes harbor to when upon XXXX thretininge speeches
and ought he would dowe if we did not supply his want by the
seayd, which our master and company haveinge well considered and for our
better quiettnes, we granted him one of our worst Cables which his
company havinge perused would not Except thereof, whereof I thought
good to Acquent yow, douting that ther myght be Complent
made to yow, of not helpinge them in the Extremity and need
and farther it may please yow to understand that since my
former to yow whear in I Advised of the recept of 25 hogsheads of
beffe from mr batts, we have received 4 barrel of butter contening
nette 4 hundred weight 3 quarters and 5 hundred weight and 6 pounds of Chese, 4 hundred weight 20 pounds of Candells
beinge 39 XXXX and by your order for bothe shipps
----
[f.4r]

And licke wise we have received 14 packs in all whether of ther
8 of lynen fryses Roggs stockins/ and the other 6 packes ar wolls
dunfranw procured license to passe, And licke wise mr batts hath
laden 39 hogsheads of pilchards and 6 puncheons of Sallmon for your Account
And hath lette furth 13 tonns fraught to be delivered in the passidge
for which the merchant that Receaves the seayd goods is to paye thurten
pound in Spanishe monye/ I saye [?plate], licke wise the master hath
taken upp of mr batts three pound with money is for the needful
for provision for the shippe/ And I requested thaccompt of
suche provizon as is Expresed Alsoe seayd of mr batts, who
Answeard me that he would send the seayd to yow for that at
the present he duth not knowe the Chardgs withwhich maye one the [?say]
And licke wise it maye please yow to understand that the
master hath bought for our shipps provizon by reason that otherwas
not anye fishe to hadd Thurtye five quaronns of beffe which cost
sixe pound XXX 4 pence and was in Regard of savinge ourselve
vittles, since the former Advize About the Cable donfranw
hath bettar Considered with him selfe and duth Receave the sayd
for which he hath deposeted £30 in mr lees hands until he XX
returne the seayd or Another as goods as that at his cominge
to XX/ and then his moneyes to be returned him Agayne/
we arr nowe redye to take the fearst feayre wind and weather
that god shall send/
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated February 1st 1633/34, Passage in Biscay, sent via a ship of Dover; Copy==

[f.4r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Pieter Rychaut from passidge in biskeaye the 1th of february 1633 and sent by A shippe of dover and by the XX of the sayd
Worshippfull my selves beinge ferst remembered to yow, It maye please
yow to understand that wee arived in thes porte of passidge in
biskeaye the 30th of January in safetye god be praysed, whether we
found the Potter and Andrew in good redenes to depart, for that
as I learne by them they have bine here thes monthe, And
nowe it maye please yow to understand that yours of the 27th of
november is com to my hands by the same sayd shippe whear by your
pleasur is as here to XXX, to geve all the Content we maye
to the portingall merchents and marrenars we shall be accomplished
in me to the outte most of my powre and I dout not but the
rest of our company will dow the licke, Theys ar in hast and
only to geve yow nootes of our beinge here, for I Can not wright
as lardge as other wise I would by reson of the sodden departure
of thes backe and for that I have not bine [?Aforre] to learne
the state of thes place, I perceive by yours that the noot of the
XXXXXXXX XXXX yow receaved from bristol And that your desire is
----
[f.4v]

To have the licke from hence which shalll god willinge be remembred
Else we depart from hence, donfranw we left with his shippe at the
passidge in Corcke who was in all redenes at our cominge from
thence And we thought shee had bine here before us, but hether
towe not it com for which his brother is verry sorry/
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated March 5th 1633/34, XXXX; Copy==

[f.4v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Pieter Reichaut the 5th
of marche which for hast made upp and sent with out XXXX by
mr Jeffrys Enfiltons [?Conveance] Anno 1633
Worshippfull my selves beinge ferst remembred to yow, It maye please yow
to understand that my former to yow ffrom thes place was of the
1th of february ther by gevinge yow to understand of our safe arivalll in thes
porte of passidge the 30th of January god be praysed whether we
found the Pottar and Andrew in good redenes to depart/ And more
it maye please yow to understand that yours of the 27th of november
beinge the ferst that hath com to my hands, I [?wrott] by your shippe A
XXXX sayd by which your pleasur is as here to XXXX to geve all the
Content we maye to the portingall merchants and marrenars which
shall god willinge be accomplished] in me to the outte most of my powre
and I dout not but the rest of our Company will dow the licke
I dowe perseive by yours that the noot or leste of our marrenars wadgs
from bristoll your receaved and that yow desire the licke from hence
Which shall god willinge be Efected if covenently it maye be, The
Which I doute of for as XXXX as those which shall goo with us XXX not
com Aboard as they promised and wee Expected, And not beinge or
[?compliful] from hence it shall pleasinge god be performed from the
Ilands, And further it maye please yow to understand that we
have deschardged and [?sold] your 39 hundred weight pilchards and sixe puncheons
hacke to Pedro fernandee de guyuarra who payd the XXXX
with prymidge and Avridge acustomed and for the packes wollinge and
sixe packs of wolls it remayneth and goeth with us in the voaidge
accordinge to your order, And we have takine Aboard for your
partable accompt 10400 bundles of hupps Thentye five
bundells of iron hups And 259 barrs of Iron the wayght [?lye]
whear of I can not sartisfy for that it was taken furth
of Aprisse that dunfranyw did take cominge hether from
Corcke and sent Aboard with out wayinge which they intend
to waye in the Islands, And then I shall be Able to sar-
tify ther of/ It maye please yow farther to understand
that we have receaved diverse sundry the nedfull in [?mony]
and Ells for the shipps usse and from the hands of Pedro
fernandes de gueuara as by the partiklars in theacompt
seemed by the master and my selfe XXX Apece which he will send
yow ammonth to 50560 Rx together of ther 26 chadges
In the [?forsayd] accompt 10200 Rx receaved for XXXX
----
[f.5r]

To XXXX 630 Rx for your pilchards and hacke, and 570 Rx for
goods that mr Thomas Batts did lette to fraught to A spanishe
Merchant together of I dout not but he acquainteth yow, XX to
In regard that we would not lett the says pase in so letle
frayght/ And therefore did take it one him selfe that it XXX
geve yow Content in regard it was so XXX in XX XXX
and farther it maye please yow that out of the fore says
XXes of montes the mr XXXX 20480 Rx in plate for tow
deschardge 14 men of the wags for three months and
a quarter/ Accomptinge and Allowinge 20 dates for ther
passidge home into England, as by thaccompt of the particklar
chardgs thereof with other the needful in moneyes disburse
for the shipps usse maye Apeer/ As it we cannot gXXX
the leest or pXXXX bill of the portingall And Spanishe
marreners wadgs whear by to send it yow, Nether will it
be for ought I see until we com to the Islands whether
the Comanders dow in tend to shippe all frye men
as shall be wantinge at our cominge thether/ It
was Agreed be twixt the master And the Company deschardged
that if in XXX they shuld not gette home in the sayd
20 dayes in XXX CCCC they ar to have 38 the saye
untill they Com home to ther houses not Spendinge ther
time in Clayminge stay wheare but to travel home as
speedly as time and health will geve leave/ And our master
gave them A letter to mr John Cocke of bristol to the
seayd Efect/ And licke wise I thought good to sartify
that A carpeintar of bristol one Thomas [?peet] went from
our shippe without the masters Condesent this 9th of february
and his Apparell and Tulls wear kept and no wags payd
him/ wher of I thought needful to Acquent yow, that if
he shal com to yow to demand his wags that yow mmaye
be Acquented that he put himself AXXX from the shippe
Whear in yow may deayle with him as yow see needful
In A former from Corcke I sartified yow of an ould cable
That was lent t to dunfranyws shippe in her greate Extre-
mytye the which since her cominge hether beinge
sixe dayes After our Arivall in this place, the sayd cable
was returned us with out hurt/ noot that ther was 20 dayes
vittells put Aboard the shipp that in our men past home to England

Noot that our master payd the company for 3 months ¼ in the
of pilott 10809 Rx
XXX for our pillotadg furth of England and other chards
10809
0679
______
20468
----
[f.5v]

And what it maye please yow to be Advertized that the [?stake]
of Englishe commodities in XXX is Englishe was 30 XX per XX Este
cuntry and XXstone 28 XX Barbary wax 26 and 27 XX XX which
ar very cheffe comoditys/ Myninken blacke bayes of the best
from 7 XX1/2 to 8 XX the XXX/ And whitt of the seayd goodness
7 XX and bettar/ fine Elle brode perpetuanos from 15 to 16 XX
the peece to be made upp saXXdge waye with greate XXX
and to be very fine/ Lead from 30 to 35 XX the XX shotte Leade
from 40 to 42 XX the XX fine sardgs at 22 and 23 XX the peece
and so not havinge Ells I Rest I Rest for the present
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Captain Marmaduke Podden (or Rodden); dated March 30th 1633/34, Passage in Biscay, sent via Jeffrey Engleton; Copy==

[f.5v]

The Coppie of A letter to Captin marmaduke Podden [or Rodden]
The 30th of [?Martche] from the passidge in biskeaye And sent
The sayd by mr jeffery Engletons Conveanance 1633

Captin Podine my selves beinge remembred, It maye please
yow to understand that our shippe hath bine redy thes five
weckes, Atendinge for wind and weather and we have put
furth of thes place XXX severall times And the last was
the 6th present and havinge bine at Calye three dayes ware
put backe Agayne with thes [?rocke] of passidge with A very great
storme at West and West north west, And weare very glad of
gettinge Agayne of thes place for the Storme hath bine so
greate and [?severe] for the time that it is reported
that ther is uppwards of 30 sayle cast awaye uppon thes
cost/ About all Olyson and Cappe brutton, the more is the
pittye if it pleased god/ And hether untow not known but
of but only of five shipps of Saint John de Luz wherof
some of them was Cast Awaye in the Rodd of [?santa XXXX]
the other in [?gibary] three leggs to the west ward of XXX
wheir if god had not blest us the bettar we had bine in
the said Case for we ware within the harbour and Redy to lett
fall Ankeur but by reason of the great XXX that Came
In our pillatts XXXX did alter and so we put for thes place
whear we ar redy to take the ferste fayre wind and weather that
god shall lend/ And XXX to satisfy we have only taken
Abourd in thes place XX bundles of hupps and 259 barrs
Iron the weight whear of I dow not knowe, for that it was
taken furth of A prise that dunfranw did take cominge
hether from Corcke, And sett Aboard without wayinge, which
Is intended god sending us well to the Ilands, At which
my beinge with yow in London, I was shipped by yow good meaynes
for pursur for which yow [?and] I Ar bound to yow/ And order
was that what [?moneyes] I make I sul be upployd by the
----
[f.6r]

Mr Thomas Lee who from his Cominge from London to thes
Instant hath hadd the reservinge and desbursinge of all payments
whatso Evar, And I only to Coppie furth what compts he
geves/ And therefore I Cannot geve XXX resson of any [?seller]
as other wisse I Could have dune/ And now it maye
please yow to be Advertized that the state of Englishe com-
moditys in XXX is Englishe wax 30 XX XXX Easte Cuntry
and XXstone 280 X Barbary wax 26 and 27 XX CC which ar berry
cheffe commodities myninken blake blues of the best XXX 7 Ts ½
7 or 8 XX the Xarre,/ And whitts of the sayd goodnes 7 or 8 and better
fine Elle brode perpetuanos from 15 to 16 XX the peece
to be made upp Sardge maye with greate sayls and
to be very fine/ lead from 30 to 35 XX the XX shotte lead from
40 to 42 XX the XX fine sandys at 22 and 23 XX the peece Andso
not havinge other for the present but prayinge god for your
health and good XXX sesse in all your prosedings I Rest and Rest me
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated April 27th 1634, Madeiras; Copy==

[f.6r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Pieter Rychaut from
the mathearas the 27th of Apprill 1634

Worshippfull my selves beinge best remembered to yow, It maye please
yow to understand that my former and last from passidge for bisk-
keay was of the 31 of Martche by mr Engletons conveyance
whear by I sartify yow of what till then hadd past/ And
the 19th of the says we departed from the Passidge in Company
of the Pettar and Andrew/ And arrived XXX in the matherase
the 29th of the sayd in safety god be praised whether aftar
our Arivall in the says place by meaynes of fowle weather
and muche XXX we weare forced from our Ankers towe XXX
and was XX our deschardge/ And ther the 26th date of
oure beinge ther soe deschardged which as the ferst fayre
daye of weather XXX our XXX from our Ankers and returned all our hupps Iron clothe and wolls
by reason of goeinge on the voaidge for brazell, as
our merchants Alleage by resson of our late coming to thes places
and notaries weather XXX to be had for brazell, for which XX
dunfranw duth send us to Lansarrotte to XXX upXXX
and so to go for Lixburne, which XXX we ar XXX to performe
thoughe notthe Contrary to the Agrement and shippinge of our
company, which men it XX pleayse hod to send us were
to Lixburne will XXX in questionof Altringe the voaidg
----
[f.6v]

By our Company who ar Agread threat, In my former from
Passidge I mad accompt to have sent yow the weight
of XXX Iron as was put Abourd in the passidge/ but
hether until it as not wayed nether it Can I gett the
noot of our portingall and Spaniards wadgs whether by to
sendrys/ Since our beinge in thes place we have only Receaved
foure butts of wines which by thear Accompt geven me cost put
abourd be sidds the caske which was the shipps the sume of 900 Rx
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Peter Rychaut; dated June 5th 1634, Tereras islands; Copy==

[f.6v]

The Coppie of A letter to the Worshippfull mr Pieter Reichaut
the 5th of June from the Tersearas

Worshippfull my selves beinge ferst Remembard to yow It maye please
yow to understand that my last to yow was of the 27th of Appell
from the Mathearas ther by sartifinge yow of our departure from
the passidge the 15th of Martche in company of the Pettar
and Andrew/ And Arrived bouts in the Matheraes the 29th of the
sayd in safety god be prased/ whear After our Arivall in the
place by meynes of foulle weather and XXX XXX we weare
forced from our Ankers and put to seaye, And soe weare ther
some 26 dayes a meaynes of foul weather be fore our deschardg
and the ferst seaven daye aftere our returne to the XXX havinge
put furth three times, we deschardge what we could and in three
dayes we sent our hupps Iron Cloth and woll Ashore and the
sayde clothe and woll for that wee gave over our voaidge for
brazell by donfranw XXXX and his leson thereof as he Alleageth for
that the Time of the hyre was farre past and no XXXX
neather fryght to be hadfor brazell and then the sayd don
franw did send us for Lansaroot to have laden wheat and from
thence to have gon for Lixborne to make sall, so it maye
please you, we have bine at the sayd Lansarot, wheare
we found small quantity of wheat and the prise XXXX in
XXXX of what he was in formed, by reason whear of and not loveinge
us of Any [?partes], nether Able to get Afryght we XXXX XXXX XX
to proseed Empty And cominge in the hight of the XXXXX and
neere the place with Contrary winds, our XXXX XXXXXXX the
XXXXXX and our Captin, would have us to put in with the sayd
place, by reason of greate XXX thether was in hoppe of A fryght
for Lixborne, but lately out Contrary by meayne of so many
flymishe men of warr that lyeth About theys Islands, And
very fewe Escape ther hands, who have taken divers XXXX
men since our comeinge or beinge in those parts, so thatXXX and
doute full we still have but letle passidge goods, having
Afeayre wind we will not spend any time but will proseed in our
voaidge pleasinge god til the XXXXX, And for our provizon
----
[f.7r]

to make beavridge we XXX haight butts of wines from donfranw which cost XXX
Abourd 1XX800 Rxs. And thes was what we had XXX for the shipps XXXX
I made accompt to have sent yow the weight of the Iron which was
loden Abourd us which came furth of XXXX prisse the XXXX was XX
waye XXXX XX XXXXX in valewe in the matheras nether could I have
the lest or portlidge bill of the portingalls wages which I Enter-
ded to have sent yow had it com to my hands
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated March 29th 1636, Bristol; Copy==

[f.7v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke and his good
partnars from Bristoll the 29th of match 1636

Sir My selves Remembred to yow and your good partnars theys onelye be gevinge
yow to understand that I Came to the Citty of bristol thes present 29th
of martch in the foure nonne/ And fourth with I in queried for passidge
for Irland/ but found that that weare Reddy to depart and my
Lovinge friends wished me to goo to Mynhid whear in soame days
I myght not want pashidg which Con[?XXXed] I toucke thear Aprobatiton
and in the morninge god willinge I will set fourth from when[ce]
god willinge yow shall hiere of my proceedings I will
use all the meaynes possible for my passidg/ Sir unto mr Nathan
Wright when yow in Counter with prey Remember my best Loove/ And
that it maye please yow to sette the master in mynd to send one of
the yonkears to Call ffor my Chest and othear the needful at
my Land Lords John Puercha[?X]es house ouer Against the Gryne
draggon Tabvan in Lyme house, Sir I have [?XXXX] in Quirre of
makinge our provizon in Irland whether I beleve ther will be
plenty of all provizon Excepting [?pessen] whear fore I Could
weishe yow to provid the need full from London which willbe
Surtin Rest/
----

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated April 1st 1636, Minehead; Copy==

[f.7v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Cradoke and his good partnar
from Mynhid the ferst of Appell 1636

Sir my selves Remembred to yow and your partners etcetera Theys ar to lett
yow understand that I wrott yow from bristol the 29th of the last
thear by geuinge yow to understand that thear was no passidge at
that time from the sayd place, whear fore I was wilde by freinds
to passe to Mynhid at which place I have at the present and
heer Redy to take pashidg which I find for yougall and will be
Reddy to depart in the morning if wynd and weather will permyt
so god willinge I will use all meynes possible for my Spedy
beinge in keinsall, from whence I will wright yow god willing
by the fearst Convenance, and so I Rest/
----

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated April 8th 1636, Minehead; Copy==

[f.7v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Cradoke and his good partners
from Mynhead the 8th of Appell 1636

Sir my selves Remembred to yow and your good partners etcetera Theys maye
be gevinge yow to understand that I have wroten yow towe formars
the one from bristow the 29th of the Last and the other from
the port of Mynhid the first of thes Instant thereby informing
yow of my beinge in thes place and Atending wynd and weather
to passe for youghall And hether until the wind hath bine con-
trarry/ but newe ane the full of the moone I dout not in
god but the wynd will beswear, And my selfe with divers
pashingers Reddy to [?X]arke the seayd, Thear shall not god willinge
be no neglect of friends, but hastin what in [?XX] lyeth and with
gods Aseistant cominge to kyngsall shall wright yow with the furste
Conveyance what doth pas and so I Rest/
----

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated April 16th 1636, Minehead; Copy==

[f.8r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Cradoke and his
good partners from Mynhid the 16th of Appell 1636

Sir my Selves Remembered to you and to your good partnars etcetera Theys arr
geuing yow to understand that my former of 2th present was by
the waye of Tanton<ref>Tanton = Taunton, a market town in Somerset</ref> signefing of my beinge in thes port of mynhid
And Ateinding A faire wind and weathear, which he thear sent to our
merchant [?XXXXXXXX], but Expected dayly by great quantity
pashingers which are heer, and Reddy to Receave the first weathear
proferrd, and for the neerest porrt to kingsall, and not negg-
lecting any pashidg how soeuear and god sending me well to
Land tin any porrt of Irland to wryght yow by the first, At [?XXX]ing
in bristol the 29th of the Last I gaue yow to understand that
I was informed of vearry feawe pesson to be hadd About [?kyng road]
and thear for I did wyshe yow to make provizon from thence
if you sawe it fitting, And for other provizon from thence
it was to be hadd and so not hauinge othear Rest/

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated April 18th 1636, Yoghall, Ireland; Copy==

[f.8r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke and his
good partnars from yoghall the 18th of Appraell 1636

Sir My selves Remembred to yow and to your good partnars etcetera Theys<ref>"Theys" = these; as in "the lines in this letter"</ref> arr
geuinge yow to understand that my last to yow was of the 16th present
from mynhid<ref>"mynhid" = Mynhead, a port town on the north coast of Somerset</ref> thear by sartifing<ref>"sartifing" = certifying</ref> that I Atended to take the
furst fayre wynd and weathear that pleased god to sennd
which hee haue us that day, And at this Instant I haue bine landed
here in youghall<ref>"younghall" = Youghal, a port town on the coast of East Cork, Ireland. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youghal Wikipedia: Youghall]</ref>, from whence I shall god willing make what hast
I maye to kingsall<ref>"kingsall" = Kinsale, a port town on the southeast coast of Cork, Ireland. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale Wikipedia: Kinsale]</ref>, of which landinge I thought good to sartify
and that seince the [?seayd] I understand that thear arr some thurty
fyve of Turkes men of warr uppon thes Cost, And have taken
and Carrid Awaye About 80 parsons Ieish[?r]<ref>"Ieish[?r]" = Irish</ref> men of thes and othar
parts hearAbouts, whoar of it onlye pleyse yow to Aduertes the master
of the shippe that thear maye be good lackinge outt for them which
Arr so beusseay<ref>"beusseay" = busy</ref> heer Abouts and thes not Ells I Rest
----

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated April 29th 1636, XXX, sent via Dublin; Copy==

[f.8r]

The Coppie of a letter to mr mathew Cradoke and his good
partnar the 29 of Appell 1636 and sent per waye of dubling

Sir Myselves Remembered to you and your good partnars etcetera Theys ar to
sartify that my Cominge to kynsall was thes 20th of Appreall And
mr Tristram whitroms was at dubbling and in his Absent I delivered the
Letter to his wiffe, And accordinge to ordarr I have bespoken
20 hundred[weight] of besket to make 5 Cakes to the pound as neer as may
be which will cost 14 shillings the hundreth, And I have bought [?90] dusson of can
dells to be sorted from [?XXXXXXXX] the pound, whear of I have sold [?2]
chasts and Contenes 24 dusson wherof 4 shillings the dusson the Rest to make out
the [?Cuppellment] will be Reddy [?XXXX] [?with], And for cheese I have
dune [?XX] in [?XXX] in towne and Cuntry for procuring the [?XXXX] but
that time not propper for that it is betwixt the newe and the ould and
[?XXXX] or [?noXX] to be hadd and at 40 the pound And [?XX] buttar [?XXouse] that have
[?demand] 31 and 32 [?X] the hundreth and letle to be hadd, but [?XXX] Euery [?XX]
arr making new which will be hadd for 26 shillings the hundred and at othear times
And About thes season hath bine bought bettar [?chupp], but nowe
----
[f.8v]

[ADD DATA]
----
[f.9r]

Beinge the 18th of Appell I sawtisfied thear of and

[ADD DATA]
----

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated June 8th 1636, Kinsale, Ireland, sent via James Coursey; Copy==

[f.9r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke and
his good partners the 8th June from kingsall and sent
by mr James Coursey of the says place Ad 1636

My selves being Remembred to yow and to your good partners els They ar
to sartify that my former to yow was of the 29th Appell by waye of dun-
blinge and the 13th of maye by the way of XXXX hereby sartifinge what
hadd past till then And hether untoto I have not hard from yow
neathar dow I heer Any things of our shippe which I XXX dayley I pray
god seme heer well ffor whose cominge I have provided Accordinge
to your ordar to saye 50 dossen of good XXX stockoins one tonn of
good wheatt meayle halfe a tonn of very good wheat meale flower, one
Tonn of Ottmeel, 4 hogsheads of good and Cleyne XXXX moult 50 dossen of Cloaths
10 barrels of Buttar/ 20 hundred weight of bucket at the best and XXXX XXXX
that it myght be hadd/ And as XX the lymynge cloth woollinge Ruggs and
Blanketts I dofear the lyninge thear of until mr whittcombes home
cominge/ who came to his house from dubbing the 28th of the last XX
that XXX wee arr in hand to provid what is wantinge/ and we shall soe
and learn what will be donne as tutchinge our XXXds for Virginy
or New England accordinge to dyscretion/ And by my next to Advize
yow what paseth/ And until the shippe be heer thear will be XXXX
ridinge of XXXXX the Resson for that sas sonne as will have hreed
with XXX as will you

[ADD DATA]
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated July 14th 1636, XXXX, Ireland, sent via Dublin; Copy==

[f.9v]

The copie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke and
His good partnars of the 14th of July and sent by waye of
Dublinge and copied the 13th seayd and sent by waye of XXXX

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[f.10r]

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==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated August ?4th 1636, XXXX, sent via XXXX; Copy==

[f.10r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Cradoke and his good
Partners the [?4th] of August and sent by waye of [BLANK]

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f.12v]

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==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated August ?4th 1636, XXXX, sent via XXXX; Copy==

[f.12v]

The coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke and his partners
the 22th november 1636 from the Cowes in the Ill of Wyght

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[f. 13r]

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==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated December 24th 1636, Cowes, Isle of Wight; Copy==

The Coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke And his good
partners from the Cowes the 24th of december 1636

[f. 13r]

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[f.15r]

My selves remembered to yow and your good partners ells XXXX be
gevinge yow to understand that my former to yow was of the 24th december
and that date at night we sett seayll from the Cowes with A fayre and
XXXX winde and feare weather which XXXX us in the island of the barb-
bados the 25th of January, whear we hopp of good salls XX part of our goods which
yow shipped from London and the licke of what came from Scotland, wher of
ther was some part of our meale and otmeall wear by Rayson of the foule
weather at our setinge to seaye from Irland and our deckes not thought
and wanting of our wines and stronge watter loke out, came from the Cowes
we XXst 56 servants for your Accompts which weare disposed of to [?salye] 10 of
them to the goodmen of thes place in XXXX sendeth and fifty weight space
and all the Rest in five hundeth to paye the 20th and last of Appell
good to XXX/ which we hopp willXX peaye at the time, and for that thear
hath bine Care taken in puting of the same as were as wee maye to share parts and by adXXX, we wear
XXXX to have gonn for Virginia/ but that we XXX dented in makeing
our viadge, by Report that ther have bine so many shipps laden from thence
and dowt XXX that wee should not procure our ladinge But in longe time and
ther XXX through[t] bettear to take asartin port for XX unsartin/ and at
our Arivall Ireland mr William pennoters letter to Captin George Boyear
according to direction who duth Assest us, and will be Agreat helpe for
that he is A justs f thes part[s] where we have landed our goods which is
neer unto the Indian Bridge, And so Called in thes parts which paseth until
aswell XXXXX whatwee sell is all for tobacco of the best as neer as wee
maye/ all be it divers and sundry men would willingly put of ther Cotton
wolls wheare if is great plenty in these Ilands for wines and stronge llyckar
where of we have had great dispatche to saye the Carres is 80 weight and
the XXXletts is £20 the galllon And wines is £10 the gallon, And for your
prunes the have lost the Cullor and will hardly sell but XXXX as ar
Gone dow XXX pound for pound and curants in £2 the pound/ sugars in
£9 the pound and All other your goods sent you putinge of the best that time
will yewe leve which I trust in god will be at in descent good XXtts for XX
despatch wee will god willing make what hast we may/ And the
shippe Remayneth heer to take in her ladinge when time
XXrneth/ and so Referringe yow to my next I sesse soe the
Present and Remayne yours to Comand

ffrom the Barbados
the 13th of february 1636

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==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated July 31st 1637, Middleburg, Zeeland, sent via Mr Ashman; Copy==

[f.15r]

The coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke the 31th and last
of July from Midelbrough and sent by mr Ashmans conveyance
Sir my best Respect attends yow and your good partners XX XX they
may be to advertise that the 26th of thes Instant July we departed
from the Cowes, and to the Este wards of duncerke thear weare
towe men of warr which gave us Chasse, and seinge our XXking came
not with in shott but quited us, and the 29th of the sayd well Arived
at the Ramakins whear I landed and came to Midelbrogh that
neigt whence I delivered your letter to mr William Ashman with whom
I hadd confearance, and used yow best Remembrance, And in quired
of him the prises of tobacco who in formed me of 12 and 13 stivers the
pound in regard of great quantity in the place, and is of thopinnion
that it will be mor worth in forbearinge some time, at [Amsterdam]
----
[f.15v]

he will hee will sartify/ our shippe is newe com to this towne
beinge munday and After nonne so wee hopp to despatch some
part tow morrow/ And the rest with all convennent speed we with
And noo time god willinge shall be omitted in her deschardg and
despatch from hence/ Our master Remembreth his love to yow and
the Rest of your good partners and desires yow to cleere and take upp
His Bannd, wee made accompt that we should have found
order in thes place from suche as had order for Receiving goods
furth of our shippe, but as it will give not from them, but Expect
ourly and so for the present I Rest and Remayne
Midelbrogh the 31th of
and last of July 1637

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated August 4th 1637, Middleburg, sent via Jeremy Williamson Ashman; Copy==

[f.15v]

The coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke the 4th of August 1637
From Middelbrough and by mr Jeromye Williamson Ashman XXXX
Sir my best Respect AtXXX yow and your good partners Sir theys XXX be
sartifinge that my former to yow was by mr Jeomy Williims Ashman
conveance the 31th and last of July thereby geving to understand of
our saffe arrival in thes tiwne of Myddleborch at which time I was in
formed that our commodity was worth 12 and 13 [?stivers] the pound, And by
our comminge hether is com to 1- stivers, and little demand of the sayd
[ADD DATA]
As it wee
Have writing of Johen Bolton A passenger who hath the dowinge of some of
The goods, lodin in our shipp and leveth at wappin which maye be in quired Aftear
To some ordar if not all [XXX] duns, Our master XXX XXX Remembreth his love to
Yow and your good partners, and desires yow all to clever and take upp his Baund whearof he
XXXX feereth until hee doth hire from yow, of the takinge upp of the sayd
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated August 11th 1637, Middleburg, sent via Jeremy Williamson Ashman; Copy==

[f.16r]

The coppie of A letter ti mr mathew Cradoke from
Midellbrugh the 11th of August 1637 by mr Asheman
Conveyance

Sir my best Respect Atends yow and your good partners XX XXX XXX
arr gevinge yowto understand of towe formers of the last of
July and at the present by mr Jeronimo Williamson Ashman conveyance
where of I dout not of thear cominge to your hands, Thear by
sartinge what past and of oure binge heere in safety god
be preased, and neare landing our goods which is all one shoare
and thes day and to morow I make no dout but will be all
wayres, which beinge so don will procure Recovery of freight, And
thes day the master and I Receaved your letters of the 4th present by mr
Ashinton conveyance whear by I see that as then thear was XXXX
ff and beinge here, And nowe as here to sone yow will us to speeke
to mr Ashinton for the cleringe of oure goods at as Easseye Ratte as
he may, whear of I Advized yow in my former what had
past, and small matts to be XXX, the resson as then I advized
Yow, and nowe by yours it semeth that yow ar in good hopp of 14 or
12 stivers per pound but if lese to dooe the best he may, and if he
thincke good to send sume good parcell of your goods to Amsterdam
as it cometh to hand and concine the seayd to mr John Webster
for your accompts, whear of mr Ashinton will wright further XX, And
That he maye compound for the custom or duties which I learne is
three stivers the pound, and according to his answer shall be
performed the sending of what he wright for, And whear as yow
wright to by yow A parsell of very good newe hopps and welcomeXXX
I learn that no suche will be Redy thes month or nowe/ And wheal
As yow wright that the shipps name should be called the William of
London and that yow wrott ther of to mr Ashintin and XXX the XXX
to him and mr XXXX for the putinge of A master if he see it settings
and praied them to XXXX for some particular Respect and to lett the bills
of ladinge besXXX for the shipp and master for what goods they shall be takin AXXX
wher at the master will asent but strength ther at and what your Intent
should be, And that his name can not be altered, whos XXXX XXX
yow will dolle about his Baund and ffreeth to be yow till the XXXX
be cleared and takin upp/ And nowe his company arr Ernest for their
wedges which he cannot longer weather Able to satisfy until he
hire from yow, what monys yow have disburse to ther wines, The
Planters and licke wise the factors that Receave goods furth of our shipp
----
[f.16v]

500 sellinge and making a maye at 8 and 9 stivers the pound
which is a henderance to the salle of yours and little will be donne in this
place till the have Ended, and the byars profers but 6 and 7 stivers
the pound, suche is the missry of the time, and thes places/ And so not
XXXinge othear I Rest and Remayne/

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated August 13th 1637, Middleburg, sent via Jeremy Williamson Ashman; Copy==

[f.16v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke
The 13 of August from midilbrugh by mr Jerominus Williams
Ashmans conveyance anno 1637
Sir my best Respect attendes yow and your good partners
Theys are sartifinge that yours of 4th August beinge Coppie
of A former and the 18th present I Receaved by mr Jeriomo Williams
ashintons conveance wheare by I send yow good hopps in puting
of your tobacco in 14 or XX stivers the pound but if lese to doe
the best hee can and XXX the sendinge of some quantity of
your tobacco to mr John Webster of Amsterdam for your
accompts
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==Mathew Craddocke to ?Thomas Anthony; dated August 4th 1637, London, received in Middleburg, Zeeland, August 11th 1637; Copy==

[f.17r]

Thes is the Coppie of Mr Mathew Cradockes dated in London the 4th August and received in Middllburgh the 11th of the XXXX which letter I delivered to mr Ambrose Harde the 23th of August 1637

Lovinge ffrinds mr Andrew Harde and mr Georges Anthony I comend
me to yow the last weeke I wrotte yow a ffew lynes under cover
of mr Jeronimo Willi?campson assoon as I sent them also XXX we
dowe Ernestley long to heare of your safe aryvall ther and then
dout not of your best inXXXs with XXXize of mr Jeronimo Willi?campson
assXXX to gett our goods cleared ffor as [?easey] Customne or toll as
yow XXX and to procure there sall with your best iXXXX to which oofer I
XXXX hear with XXXX to Senor Ashenley hopinge it will yeeld 14 or 12
Stinls per pound but if lesse to doe as best hee maye and if hee thinke
Good to send ought to Amsterdam to Consyne it to mr John Webster
ffactor of me and company whith order to sell as best the time wil
permit and if ought be sent to Amsterdam lett it be as it Riseth
indifferentz . also I have written Senor Jeronimo AfXXXX to indeavour
to send us some good parcell of good XXXinge and Alst hoppes newe
and good where in to bee bery carefullin choice that yow be not
deceaved with XXXth hoppes or false packed, The shippe wee
desire XXX XXX goe under the name of the William of
London and have written Senor William AsXXX that hee XXXX it to yow
and mr haule of purchasing Another which if XXX see ffytting which we shall pray yow to doe ffor some particular repport and so to lett the bills of
lading to be signed ffor the shipp and XX ffor what goods yow take In others
I jave not to Inlarge but Comending yow to the almighty Rest
----
==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke and partners; dated August 26th 1637, Middleburg, sent via Jeremy Williamson Ashman; Copy==

[f.17r]

The Coppie of A letter to mr Mathew Cradocke the 26th of August
ffrom Middilbrogg by Mr Jeronimo Williamson AXXXXX come XXX 1637
Sir my best Respecte atends yow and your good partners XX Sir theys are
satisfing that yours of the 11th August einge Coppie of A former and
and Another of the 28th of sayd I receaved thes permit 25th the
Efect ther of perused whear by yow geve order not to dale in Any hopps
and if it maye be to Remyte what monys ther is Receaved for fraight
to yow and your partners by Exchanidge, XX hether tow no meaynes
ffor as muche as the master hath receaved suche monys as was Required
and furth of the Recepts to paye his mens wadge which he had satisfied
to A monthes paye thinkinge to have detayned XXXXX in his hands
untill ther comminge home and to learne what thear wines
had receaved, which aftar wards they would not goe from hence untill
they hadd ther holle wadgs which he was constrained to satisfy other
wise medellinge with them XXXtheat would goe hence till they hadd
Receaved as Afore sayd, and none in the Intram by Reson of contrary
winds and stormye weathear the most part of our men are fallen
seacke with the Agge, and ther with so weake that by meanes therof
----
[f.17v]

And others that Acquited the shipp was constrained to seek other
men in ther places, and hath shipped a maste ffor that none of
his owne company would take it one them and more Redy and whole
accompt to have gone thes morning from hence but that ther was
some hindrance, by your mr harde taketh wrotes of what that XXXX
wines have Receaved some your who as A sold says arr all payd and nowe
will seek to Receave it backe, mr Jerimo Williams Ashman wrote to mr
John Webster of Amsterdame, and by the party who XXXX the sayd Re-
turned Answear that he was furth of the towne so as it no Answear
but Expectt daily to hire from him/ your commodity or better to sayd
Tobacco Remayneth very dead in dispatch and prisse and one A
mongst the Rest of the planters sellers for seven stivers per pound and hath
proffered A quantitiy or 90 Rolls for 6 stivers and it none will take it
suche is XXXXXXXXXX/ and was in RegXXX of kerning him selfe to
be gonn, mr hollands to bacco and wood was delivered to his ffactor and
the freight and Chardge ther of Receaved, and no damidge theruntow
And nowe for freight heer hence no likely of any soe that the ownars
of the pynkes that usse to London ar XXXents and profeass therone
Shippinge, Since the beginning of thes I understand that the master hath
Receaved £231 - 19 shillings - 4 pence sterlin and is XXXmisse £405 - 18 shillings - 9 pence to defXX
chardgs and mens waigs/ and so not other for the president I Remayne

==?Thomas Anthony to Mathew Craddocke; dated September 11th 1637, Vlissingen, Zeeland; Copy==

[f.17v]

The Coppie of A letter to mr mathew Cradoke
the 1th of September from flushen Ad 1637

Sir my best Respect attends yow and your good partners att XXXX
be gevinge yow to understand that mr jeronimmo williams Ashman
Receaved a letter from yow by the post, and not anye for me as the master in which
yow Request of him to take upp a XXX Caskett or boxe of letters which came
from the Easte Indyes, which was delivered to a shipp of one of the pynkes
to have conveyed to yow, and by meynes of Contrary winde and foullle
weather could not goet to seay so that accordinge to your order given
him selfe to thes to one of flushand and Returne the seayd into his
hands and accordinge to ordar will send the seayd Casket or boxe of
lettars by the post/ I learn that yow desire mr Ashman to hasten A redye
the shippe/ which is Redy at the Ramykins to take the first opportunity
of wind and weather that shall plesse god to send if not XXXX by Reson
of sicke men which have bine very visseted therewith and hardly
five sound men/ by meynes wheare of and for tha some forsocke
her the master was forced to geot others and as it not mand as shee
should be to Caree heer hom, for that men dow sickin daily and the master is
lockin and seckin to geot men to be in Redynes when the wind dothe XXXX
and thes towe or three dayes hath bine very severe westally winds/
I trust in god to see yow as speedly as we maye the dednes of the time
for XXXX of tobacco, kXXXXX as here to XXXX I advised yow/ And
our planters have all sould some 9 stivers to 5 stivers the pound, so that
Remayneth only Johen boulton who XXX XXXXX to sell and theys
beinge sould there is hoopes that the prise will Risse, And as it XX XXXX
----
[f.18r]

of the shipps lucke for which that commodity by merchants of thes place, I believe
that your lucke well that in hollands goods was Accordingly, Ther beinge kept
till the 2th present, it hath pleased god to take Phillipe hacke to his [?maker]
and Another of our company deceased in mydilbugh 20ty er past I pray god
Send helth Amongst us and well to see yow
----
[f.18v]

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[f.19v]

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[unfol.]

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==Back cover==

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Archival Sources: European Admiralty Courts

2021-12-07T10:31:12Z

ColinGreenstreet:

'''This page is for the collection of information about archives and libraries containing Early Modern European and Colonial Admiralty Court papers'''

__TOC__

==Alexandria==

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==Allicante==

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==Amsterdam==

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==Bahia==

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==Barcelona==

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==Bordeaux==

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==Cadiz==

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==Calais==

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==Dunkirk==

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==Genoa==

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==Haver de Grace==

"French Wars of Religion and Revolution destroyed a lot of material. For most of the period there isn’t an admiralty court for Le Havre anyway. Instead Rouen and Brittany would have dealt with most issues. Could be worth looking there but will be scarce. There was a conseil de la marine in Paris that also dealt with issues similar to the English Admiralty Courts." (Source: [https://twitter.com/BenjaminRedding Benjamin Redding])

"If I recall correctly there's a few late 16c admiralty records from Le Havre in the archives départmentales in Rouen - I think I use a couple - and notarial records from 1570s. A few communal records as well survive pre-1600 related to trade." (Source: [https://twitter.com/Moullue_Verte Jack Bouchard])
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==King's Lynn, Norfolk==

[[File:Norfolk Record Office Admiralty Court Papers Online Catalogue.JPG|left|thumb|800px|[https://nrocatalogue.norfolk.gov.uk/index.php/court-of-admiralty-records Norfolk Record Office online catalogue: King's Kynn: Admiralty Court papers]]]

Click [https://nrocatalogue.norfolk.gov.uk/index.php/court-of-admiralty-records here] for link to online catalogue
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==Livorno==

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==Gottenberg==

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==Majorca==

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==Mallaga==

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==Marseilles==

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==Messina==

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==Middleburg==

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==Nantes==

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==Naples==

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==Ostend==

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==Paris==

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==Rouen==

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==Saint-Malo==

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==Sally==

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==Seville==

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==Smirna==

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==Tunis==

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==Venice==

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