MRP: C10/89/61 f. 1 - Revision history

Francescagreenstreet at 07:07, January 24, 2012

2012-01-24T07:07:48Z

Show changes

ColinGreenstreet at 08:22, November 10, 2011

2011-11-10T08:22:40Z

ColinGreenstreet at 06:28, November 10, 2011

2011-11-10T06:28:16Z

Show changes

ColinGreenstreet at 00:39, November 10, 2011

2011-11-10T00:39:18Z

ColinGreenstreet at 14:39, November 9, 2011

2011-11-09T14:39:49Z

ColinGreenstreet at 12:09, November 9, 2011

2011-11-09T12:09:47Z

ColinGreenstreet at 12:08, November 9, 2011

2011-11-09T12:08:51Z

ColinGreenstreet at 12:07, November 9, 2011

2011-11-09T12:07:59Z

ColinGreenstreet at 11:48, November 9, 2011

2011-11-09T11:48:00Z

ColinGreenstreet at 11:32, November 9, 2011

2011-11-09T11:32:11Z

@@ Line 261: / Line 261: @@
 '''PROB 11/334 Penn 129-184 Will of John Sandys, Merchant and Ironmonger of London 12 November 1670'''
 - John Sandys, citizen, merchant and ironmonger: His will was proved by his wife, Ann Sandys.  He left a legacy of 100 to the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers.
-PROB 11/339 Eure 55-107 Will of Thomas Fox, Merchant of Camberwell, Surrey 31 July 1672
+'''PROB 11/339 Eure 55-107 Will of Thomas Fox, Merchant of Camberwell, Surrey 31 July 1672'''
 - There are several other possible candidate wills for Thomas Foy, part owner of the ''Eagle''
 PROB 11/376 Hare 48-97 Will of William Newbold, Gentleman of Saint Margaret Moses, City of London 17 June 1684
@@ Line 274: / Line 274: @@
 ===Possible secondary sources===
-[http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0606.pdf Evans Jr., Robert, The economics of American negro slavery (Princeton, 1962)]
+Curtin, Phillip D., ''The Atlantic slave trade: a census'' (Madison, WI, 1969)
 Nicholl, John, ''Some account of the worshipful Company of ironmongers'' (London, 1851)
 ----

@@ Line 226: / Line 226: @@
 The third factor or super cargo mentioned in C10/89/61 f. 1 as "one Betts" may have been John Betts, who was employed in 1660/1661 by the English East India Company as a factor with five other men on the ''Castle Frigate''
 - "John Orme, James Gosnell, Laurence Lanyan, John Merry, John Saxby, and John Betts are entertained as factors for Guinea, to go in the Castle Frigate at once"<ref>'A Court of Committees', March 7, 1660 (''Court Book'', vol. xxiv, p. 245) in ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), p. 9</ref>
 ----
@@ Line 246: / Line 256: @@
 ===Possible secondary sources===
 Nicholl, John, ''Some account of the worshipful Company of ironmongers'' (London, 1851)
 ----

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ===Abstract===
-Edward Gibbon, a gentleman of London, brought a suit against Martha Hendra, widow of Thomas Hendra deceased, the former captain of the ''Eagle'', and a number of co-defendants ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]).  The co-defendants named were Thomas Heatley, John Sandys,  John Buckworth, Sir William Ryder, Sir Richard fford, Nathaniel Herne, Thomas ffoxe and Sir William Ryder's son-in-law, Richard Middleton.  A number of the co-defendants were co-owners and/or freighters of the ship.  Gibbon alleges that he had failed to receive his due returns from an investment of £150 in cargoe purchased by Thomas Hendra for sale in Guinea, and also from a further £35 supplied to Thomas Hendra for the purchase of a tun of brandy wine for sale or barter in Guinea.
+Edward Gibbon, a gentleman of London, brought a suit against Martha Hendra, widow of Thomas Hendra deceased, the former captain of the ''Eagle'', and a number of co-defendants ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]).  The co-defendants named were Thomas Heatley, John Sandys,  John Buckworth, Sir William Ryder, Sir Richard fford, Nathaniel Herne, Thomas ffoxe and Sir William Ryder's son-in-law, Richard Middleton.  A number of the co-defendants were co-owners and/or freighters of the ''Eagle''.  Gibbon alleges that he had failed to receive his due returns from an investment of £150 in cargo purchased by Thomas Hendra for sale in Guinea, and also from a further £35 supplied to Thomas Hendra for the purchase of a tun of brandy wine for sale or barter in Guinea.
-C10/89/61 f. 1 adds significantly expands our knowledge of the alleged facts set out in the original bill of complaint ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]) brought in Hillary term ?1669 by Edward Gibbon.  In particular it provides details of the trade in enslaved negroes between Guinea and the island of Barbadoes.  Gibbon states that Thomas Hendra, at the instruction of the co-owners and freighters of his ship, bought four hundred negroes in Guinea at a price of £4 per head, his intention being "to carry the said Negroes to the Island of Barbadoes and there to sell the best profitt."  Thomas Hendra died on the voyage onwards from the Guinea coast to the island of Barbadoes, and was replaced by Nicholas Pepperrell as master of the ''Eagle''.  Gibbon claims that it was agreed between the owners and freighters of the ship and Thomas Hendra, or alternatively by the "custome of Merchants tradeing to Ginney" that "Each twentyth Negroe or one in every one and twenty or the value or price of such Negroes did belong to the said Thomas Hendra or was agreed to bee paid to him as Captaine of Commander of the said ship."  He  asserts that Pepperrell transferred to the confederated defendants "severall Goods cattells Chattells wares and Merchandizes of the growth of the Island of Barbadoes which were the proceeds of the said Negroes or some considerable some of money for which the said Negroes or some part of them were sould."  This transfer included the rightful proceeds to the deceased Thomas Hendra of his twentieth share in the Negroes.
+C10/89/61 f. 1 significantly expands our knowledge of the alleged facts set out in the original bill of complaint ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]) brought in Hillary term ?1669 by Edward Gibbon.  In particular it provides details of the trade in enslaved negroes between Guinea and the island of Barbadoes.  Gibbon states that Thomas Hendra, at the instruction of the co-owners and freighters of his ship, bought four hundred negroes in Guinea at a price of £4 per head, his intention being "to carry the said Negroes to the Island of Barbadoes and there to sell the best profitt."  Thomas Hendra died on the voyage onwards from the Guinea coast to the island of Barbados, and was replaced by Nicholas Pepperrell as master of the ''Eagle''.  Gibbon claims that it was agreed between the owners and freighters of the ship and Thomas Hendra, or alternatively by the "custome of Merchants tradeing to Ginney" that "Each twentyth Negroe or one in every one and twenty or the value or price of such Negroes did belong to the said Thomas Hendra or was agreed to bee paid to him as Captaine of Commander of the said ship."  He  asserts that Pepperrell transferred to the confederated defendants "severall Goods cattells Chattells wares and Merchandizes of the growth of the Island of Barbadoes which were the proceeds of the said Negroes or some considerable some of money for which the said Negroes or some part of them were sould."  This transfer included the rightful proceeds to the deceased Thomas Hendra from his twentieth share in the Negroes.
 Gibbon identifies three factors or "supra cargoes" on the ''Eagle'' - Thomas Hendra himself, Nicholas Pepperell, and "one Betts."  He further identifies Thomas Heatley, one of the part owners of the ''Eagle'', as the treasurer for the fraighters and owners of the ship
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 //appeared & answered thereby amongst other things alleadgeing that they did not knowe that the said Thomas Hendra had any such cargoe of Goods or that yo:r Orato:r had any share in any Stocke with the said Thomas Hendra And further alleadge//
-//the saide Thomas Hendra had forfeited his bond of ffive hundred pounds penalty whereby hee stood bound to the said defts or some of them not to take on board the said shipo any Goods or merchandizes whatsoever other than what should bee//
+//the saide Thomas Hendra had forfeited his bond of ffive hundred pounds penalty whereby hee stood bound to the said defts or some of them not to take on board the said shipp any Goods or merchandizes whatsoever other than what should bee//
 //laden by the said def:ts and others the Adventurers without the leave and permission of the said def:ts & other the Adventurers under their hands and seales first had and obteyned And that one Pepperell in the said Answ:r named by the consent of//
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 //answered the said bill but stands in contempt of this hon:ble Co:rt And yo.r Orato:r for want of the said Martha Hendras appeareing and answereing hath presented the said Martha with processe of contempt to a serjeant at Armes And the//
-//serjeant at Armes attending this hon:ble Court hath made his returne that the said Martha Hendra is not to bee found whereupon by speciall Order of this  ?Co:lt his Maj:ties Commission of Sequestracon under the greate seale of England is//
+//serjeant at Armes attending this hon:ble Court hath made his returne that the said Martha Hendra is not to bee found whereupon by speciall Order of this Co:rt his Maj:ties Commission of Sequestracon under the greate seale of England is//
 //at yo:r Orato:rs ??prosecucon duely issued out directed to certaine Commissioners therein named commanding and authorizing them or any two or more of them to sequester and secure all the Goods Cattells and Chattells any way belonginge to the said//
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 ===Notes===
-Reference to John Sandys in 'A Court of Committees, March 20, 1667 (''Court Book'', vol. xxv, p. 283) calendarised in Ethel Bruce sainsbury (ed.), ''A calendar of the court minutes, etc., of the East India Company, 1664-1667'', vol. 7 (Oxford, XXXX), p. 302
+Reference to John Sandys in East India Company records, March 20, 1667<ref>'A Court of Committees, March 20, 1667 (''Court Book'', vol. xxv, p. 283) calendarised in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), ''A calendar of the court minutes, etc., of the East India Company, 1664-1667'', vol. 7 (Oxford, XXXX), p. 302</ref>
 - "Thomas Murthwaite and John Sandys desire, on behalf of themselves and the rest of the owners of the African, some money to enable them to pay off their mariners ; they also ask that the calicoes may be opened, so that the damage may be""
 - Note that Thomas Murthwaite is a plaintiff, together with William Love, the two of them being surviving executors, in a suit on behalf of the deceased John Younge against the Searle family of Plymouth. See [[MRP: C20/803/34 f. 7|C20/803/34 f. 7]]
@@ Line 226: / Line 226: @@
 The third factor or super cargo mentioned in C10/89/61 f. 1 as "one Betts" may have been John Betts, who was employed in 1660/1661 by the English East India Company as a factor with five other men on the ''Castle Frigate''
 - "John Orme, James Gosnell, Laurence Lanyan, John Merry, John Saxby, and John Betts are entertained as factors for Guinea, to go in the Castle Frigate at once"<ref>'A Court of Committees', March 7, 1660 (''Court Book'', vol. xxiv, p. 245) in ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), p. 9</ref>
 ----

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 The ''Eagle'' was already under sail in 1660, when it appears in primary records under charter by the English East India Company for a return voyage from London to Surat.  Departing from London in early 1660, it left Surat in 16XX, and reached London again in mid 1662.<ref>Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), pp. iii-iv; pp. xxx-xxxi</ref>  It is reported by a secondary source to have been a sizeable ship, which, when chartered by the English Navy in 1665, carried 220 men and 44 guns.<ref>Leonard George Carr Laughton, Roger Charles Anderson, William Gordon Perrin (eds.), ''Mariner's mirror: wherein may be discovered his art, craft & mystery after the manner of their use in all ages and among all nations'', vol. 84 (XXXX, 1998), p. 157</ref>. Thomas Hendra is reported by the same secondary source to have been its captain during naval action in 1665.<ref>Leonard George Carr Laughton, Roger Charles Anderson, William Gordon Perrin (eds.), ''Mariner's mirror: wherein may be discovered his art, craft & mystery after the manner of their use in all ages and among all nations'', vol. 84 (XXXX, 1998), p. 157</ref>.  Nicholas Pepperell, Hendra's fellow factor, who took over the mastership of the ''Eagle'' after Hendra's death on the passage between Guinea and Barbadoes, is likely to have been an Essex mariner from the parish of Bobbingworth, who died circa 1678, leaving a son of the same name and occupation.<ref>Essex Record Office: Estate and Family Records: Deeds of various parishes:  D/DYq/7: 13 July 1678: Conveyance (Lease and Release, Lease missing): (i) Wm. Bower of London, gent., Nicholas Pepperell, senior and Jun., mariners of Bobbingworth; (ii) George Meggott of London, gentleman (s. and h. of Robert M. of Theydon Garnon, gent.);(iii) Peter Foster and Jeremiah Wright, Yeomen, of Bobbingworth</ref>  The third factor may have been Thomas Betts, who had been hired in March 1660 as a factor by the English East India Company on a London to Guinea voyage of the ''Castle Frigate'' in the early 1660s.<ref>'A Court of Committees', March 7, 1660 (''Court Book'', vol. xxiv, p. 245) in ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), p. 9</ref>
-Several Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills have been identified as possible matches to co-owners of the ''Eagle'', including that of Thomas Heatley, the treasurer of the freighters and owners, John sandys, a merchant and ironmonger of London, and Thomas Fox, a merchant of Camberwell.
+Several Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills have been identified as possible matches to co-owners of the ''Eagle'', including that of Thomas Heatley, an ironmonger, who was the treasurer of the freighters and owners; John Sandys, a merchant and ironmonger of London; and Thomas Fox, a merchant of Camberwell.
 ----

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 The ''Eagle'' was already under sail in 1660, when it appears in primary records under charter by the English East India Company for a return voyage from London to Surat.  Departing from London in early 1660, it left Surat in 16XX, and reached London again in mid 1662.<ref>Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), pp. iii-iv; pp. xxx-xxxi</ref>  It is reported by a secondary source to have been a sizeable ship, which, when chartered by the English Navy in 1665, carried 220 men and 44 guns.<ref>Leonard George Carr Laughton, Roger Charles Anderson, William Gordon Perrin (eds.), ''Mariner's mirror: wherein may be discovered his art, craft & mystery after the manner of their use in all ages and among all nations'', vol. 84 (XXXX, 1998), p. 157</ref>. Thomas Hendra is reported by the same secondary source to have been its captain during naval action in 1665.<ref>Leonard George Carr Laughton, Roger Charles Anderson, William Gordon Perrin (eds.), ''Mariner's mirror: wherein may be discovered his art, craft & mystery after the manner of their use in all ages and among all nations'', vol. 84 (XXXX, 1998), p. 157</ref>.  Nicholas Pepperell, Hendra's fellow factor, who took over the mastership of the ''Eagle'' after Hendra's death on the passage between Guinea and Barbadoes, is likely to have been an Essex mariner from the parish of Bobbingworth, who died circa 1678, leaving a son of the same name and occupation.<ref>Essex Record Office: Estate and Family Records: Deeds of various parishes:  D/DYq/7: 13 July 1678: Conveyance (Lease and Release, Lease missing): (i) Wm. Bower of London, gent., Nicholas Pepperell, senior and Jun., mariners of Bobbingworth; (ii) George Meggott of London, gentleman (s. and h. of Robert M. of Theydon Garnon, gent.);(iii) Peter Foster and Jeremiah Wright, Yeomen, of Bobbingworth</ref>  The third factor may have been Thomas Betts, who had been hired in March 1660 as a factor by the English East India Company on a London to Guinea voyage of the ''Castle Frigate'' in the early 1660s.<ref>'A Court of Committees', March 7, 1660 (''Court Book'', vol. xxiv, p. 245) in ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), p. 9</ref>
-Several Prerogative Court of canterbury wills have been identified as possible matches to co-owners of the ''Eagle'', including that of Thomas Heatley, the treasurer of the freighters and owners, John sandys, a merchant and ironmonger of London, and Thomas Fox, a merchant of Camberwell.
+Several Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills have been identified as possible matches to co-owners of the ''Eagle'', including that of Thomas Heatley, the treasurer of the freighters and owners, John sandys, a merchant and ironmonger of London, and Thomas Fox, a merchant of Camberwell.
 ----

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Edward Gibbon, a gentleman of London, brought a suit against Martha Hendra, widow of Thomas Hendra deceased, the former captain of the ''Eagle'', and a number of co-defendants ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]).  The co-defendants named were Thomas Heatley, John Sandys,  John Buckworth, Sir William Ryder, Sir Richard fford, Nathaniel Herne, Thomas ffoxe and Sir William Ryder's son-in-law, Richard Middleton.  A number of the co-defendants were co-owners and/or freighters of the ship.  Gibbon alleges that he had failed to receive his due returns from an investment of £150 in cargoe purchased by Thomas Hendra for sale in Guinea, and also from a further £35 supplied to Thomas Hendra for the purchase of a tun of brandy wine for sale or barter in Guinea.
-C10/89/61 f. 1 adds significantly expands our knowledge of the alleged facts set out in the original bill of complaint ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]) brought in Hillary term ?1669 by Edward Gibbon.  In particular it provides details of the trade in enslaved negroes between Guinea and the island of Barbadoes.  Gibbon states that Thomas Hendra, at the instruction of the co-owners and freighters of his ship, bought four hundred negroes in Guinea at a price of £4 per head, his intention being "to carry the said Negroes to the Island of Barbadoes and there to sell the best profitt."  Thomas Hendra died on the voyage onwards from the Guinea coast to the island of Barbadoes, and was replaced by Nicholas Pepperrell as master of the ''Eagle''.  Gibbon claims that it was agreed between the owners and fraighters of the ship and Thomas Hendra, or alternatively by the "custome of Merchants tradeing to Ginney" that "Each twentyth Negroe or one in every one and twenty or the value or price of such Negroes did belong to the said Thomas Hendra or was agreed to bee paid to him as Captaine of Commander of the said ship."  He  asserts that Pepperrell transferred to the confederated defendants "severall Goods cattells Chattells wares and Merchandizes of the growth of the Island of Barbadoes which were the proceeds of the said Negroes or some considerable some of money for which the said Negroes or some part of them were sould."  This transfer included the rightful proceeds to the deceased Thomas Hendra of his twentieth share in the Negroes.
+C10/89/61 f. 1 adds significantly expands our knowledge of the alleged facts set out in the original bill of complaint ([[MRP: C10/86/36 f. 1|C10/86/36 f. 1]]) brought in Hillary term ?1669 by Edward Gibbon.  In particular it provides details of the trade in enslaved negroes between Guinea and the island of Barbadoes.  Gibbon states that Thomas Hendra, at the instruction of the co-owners and freighters of his ship, bought four hundred negroes in Guinea at a price of £4 per head, his intention being "to carry the said Negroes to the Island of Barbadoes and there to sell the best profitt."  Thomas Hendra died on the voyage onwards from the Guinea coast to the island of Barbadoes, and was replaced by Nicholas Pepperrell as master of the ''Eagle''.  Gibbon claims that it was agreed between the owners and freighters of the ship and Thomas Hendra, or alternatively by the "custome of Merchants tradeing to Ginney" that "Each twentyth Negroe or one in every one and twenty or the value or price of such Negroes did belong to the said Thomas Hendra or was agreed to bee paid to him as Captaine of Commander of the said ship."  He  asserts that Pepperrell transferred to the confederated defendants "severall Goods cattells Chattells wares and Merchandizes of the growth of the Island of Barbadoes which were the proceeds of the said Negroes or some considerable some of money for which the said Negroes or some part of them were sould."  This transfer included the rightful proceeds to the deceased Thomas Hendra of his twentieth share in the Negroes.
 Gibbon identifies three factors or "supra cargoes" on the ''Eagle'' - Thomas Hendra himself, Nicholas Pepperell, and "one Betts."  He further identifies Thomas Heatley, one of the part owners of the ''Eagle'', as the treasurer for the fraighters and owners of the ship
 C10/89/61 f. 1 expands the list of alleged confederates conspiring to defraud Gibbon.  Gibbon suggests that the co-owners and freighters of the ''Eagle'' "S:r Richard fford S:r William Ryder John Buckworth John Sandys Thomas Heatley Thomas ffoxe" combined with "one William Newbold Gent Augustine Newbold and Rebekah Cole widdowe Mother of the said Martha Hendra Jeremiah Sambrooke John Cole and Nicholas Pepperell."
+----
 ===Analysis===
 ----

@@ Line 215: / Line 215: @@
 According to a secondary source, the ''Eagle'' was chartered by the English Navy between March and December 1665, with Thomas Hendra as its captain.  The same source states that its crew was 220 men and that it carried 44 guns, although this source has no information on its owners
 -"'''Eagle''' Hired at Portsmouth in March 1665, engaged at Lowestoft, and assigned to the main fleet during the Norway expedition and the actions of 3 and 9 September 1665. She was paid off in October and released in December 1665.  The ''Eagle'' was also hired during the First Dutch War but is not recorded as having been in action."<ref>Leonard George Carr Laughton, Roger Charles Anderson, William Gordon Perrin (eds.), ''Mariner's mirror: wherein may be discovered his art, craft & mystery after the manner of their use in all ages and among all nations'', vol. 84 (XXXX, 1998), p. 157</ref>
 The third factor or super cargo mentioned in C10/89/61 f. 1 as "one Betts" may have been John Betts, who was employed in 1660/1661 by the English East India Company as a factor with five other men on the ''Castle Frigate''

@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 - Note that Thomas Murthwaite is a plaintiff, together with William Love, the two of them being surviving executors, in a suit on behalf of the deceased John Younge against the Searle family of Plymouth. See [[MRP: C20/803/34 f. 7|C20/803/34 f. 7]]
-A ship named the ''Eagle'' was being built in late 1644. The English East India Company agreed to send out no men, but to bring back sevety five, on the said ship.<ref>'A Court of Committees, December 20, 1644 (''Court Book'', vol. xix, p. 244 in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1644-1649'' (Oxford, 1912), p. 58-59</ref>
+A ship named the ''Eagle'' was being built in late 1644. The English East India Company agreed to send out no men, but to bring back seventy five, on the said ship.<ref>'A Court of Committees, December 20, 1644 (''Court Book'', vol. xix, p. 244 in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1644-1649'' (Oxford, 1912), p. 58-59</ref>
 Probably a later eponymous ship was chartered by the English East Company in 1660 for the London to Surat run.
@@ Line 212: / Line 212: @@
 - "At the end of May [1662] came in the ''Barbadoes Merchant'', the ''American'', and the ''African''; while the ''Eagle'', the ''Constantinople Merchant'', the ''Coast Frigate'', and the ''Loyal Merchant'' followed soon after. Of these seven the first and sixth had come from Madras, the second, fourth, and fifth from Surat, and the other two from Bantam."<ref>Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, ''A calendar of the court minutes of the East India Company, 1660-1663'' (Oxford, 1922), pp. xxx-xxxi</ref>
 The third factor or super cargo mentioned in C10/89/61 f. 1 as "one Betts" may have been John Betts, who was employed in 1660/1661 by the English East India Company as a factor with five other men on the ''Castle Frigate''
@@ Line 229: / Line 232: @@
 '''PROB 11/420 Box 91-13 Will of Thomas Heatley, Ironmonger of London 21 June 1694'''
 PROB 11/481 Gee 45-85 Will of Sir Jeremy Sambrooke of London 28 April 1705 pp. 1-17
 [[MRP: Sir John Buckworth will|Sir John Buckworth will]]