http://www.marinelives.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LauraseymourMarineLives - User contributions [en-gb]2026-04-07T09:01:49ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.25alphahttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=File:Key_2.JPG&diff=72260File:Key 2.JPG2015-04-12T18:20:17Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
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<div></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=File:Key.JPG&diff=72261File:Key.JPG2015-04-12T18:20:17Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
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<div></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=File:Key_3.JPG&diff=72259File:Key 3.JPG2015-04-12T18:20:15Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
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<div></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=PhD_Forum_briefing_note:_Material_culture_and_language&diff=74723PhD Forum briefing note: Material culture and language2012-12-12T16:33:53Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''PhD Forum briefing note: Material culture and language'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
04/12/12: CSG, created page<br />
----<br />
'''Purpose of page'''<br />
<br />
This draft page is a briefing note for the planned PhD Forum online discussionn of material culture and language<br />
<br />
----<br />
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- ''HCA 13/71 f.XXXX Case: XXXX; Deposition: XXXX; Date: XXXX. Transcribed by XXXX''<ref>[http://XXXXX Electronic link to a digital source]</ref><br />
----<br />
__TOC__<br />
----<br />
==Suggested links==<br />
<br />
[[PhD Forum|PhD Forum]]<br />
<br />
[[PhD Forum briefing note: Geography and trade; Commerce and law|PhD Forum briefing note: Geography and trade; Commerce and law]]<br />
----<br />
==Introduction==<br />
----<br />
===Purpose and process of the forum session===<br />
<br />
The purpose of the forum on material culture and language is for PhD Forum members to explore the potential of HCA materials, as exemplified by HCA 13/71.<br />
<br />
Forum members are asked to think how HCA materials might assist them directly in their studies, and more generally how they might assist scholars in exploring issues related to these topics.<br />
<br />
The online session, which will take place on XXXX, will be facilitated by Dr Liam Haydon and Laura Seymour. The role of the facilitator is to structure the session, and to pose a series of questions to forum members. All participating members are encouraged to speak, and at the end of the forum the facilitator will ask each member to make some summary remarks.<br />
<br />
Notes will be taken of the meeting and posted to the PhD Forum page after the session. Forum members are encouraged to expand and and correct these notes as they see fit.<br />
----<br />
===The questions: Material culture===<br />
<br />
How are the material objects perceived in the HCA documents? How are the trade goods described? Are different goods described in different ways? Please give specific examples from the documents.<br />
<br />
Do the types of goods ever need to be explained to present day researchers? Would it be helpful to present day researchers using the Marine Lives information to have a description of what a particular product was, and its qualities?<br />
<br />
Is the point of origin of the material objects mentioned in the documents important? If so, why?<br />
<br />
Are there ideas of surplus value (i.e. more than a simple economic valuation, do some or all of these objects also have cultural capital?). If so, which objects and why? What kind of cultural capital?<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
===The questions: Language===<br />
<br />
How do the the HCA documents work as acts of communication in their own right? Consider this with respect to 1) their production, reception, and transmission by early moderns, and 2) the ways in which they can help present day researchers in the Marine Lives database.<br />
<br />
How does language function as a moment of cultural interaction in these documents? In particular, consider what languages do people choose, and why? Does this have social/cultural implications? Please refer to specific examples in the HCA documents.<br />
<br />
How highly was language valued when assembling a ship's company/making promotions/assigning voyages?<br />
<br />
How do we approach the question of non-verbal communication? Is there a privileging of the verbal and the written in these documents?<br />
<br />
In the HCA documents, a person's words are being taken down as they say them. However, sometimes deponents report what other people, not present at the moment of the deposition, have said. What do you think about the disjunction between spoken and reported language in the HCA documents? Does this raise interesting questions about, for instance, authority?<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Working definition of material culture and language for this forum discussion==<br />
<br />
Material culture: the totality of physical objects, human beings, and discourses, and their interactions, at a given time.<br />
<br />
'''Question:''' Do you feel this is a good definition? If not, please do refine upon it or change it, and explain why you have made these changes.<br />
<br />
Language: the different means of communication used in different contexts, including spoken and written language, and nonverbal forms of communication including gesture, unwritten social codes, as well as vocalisations such as muttering, and so on<br />
<br />
'''Question:''' Do you feel this is a good definition? If not, please do refine upon it or change it, and explain why you have made these changes.<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Additonal question: The Relationship between language and material culture===<br />
<br />
What about the intersection between language and material cultures? How far do you think that material cultures and language could be seen to be shaping each other, as well as shaping the identity of the merchants and other people who appear in the HCA documents?<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Resources in HCA 13/71 on material culture==<br />
----<br />
===Commodities===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Currants and raisins trade|Currants and raisins trade]]<br />
[[Oranges and lemons trade|Oranges and lemons trade]]<br />
[[Textile trade|Textile trade]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Infrastructure===<br />
<br />
[[Materials handling|Materials handling]]<br />
[[Thames docks and wharves|Thames docks and wharves]]<br />
[[Thames lighters|Thames lighters]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Physicality of trades===<br />
<br />
[[Port trades|Port trades]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Resources more generally in HCA records on material culture==<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Resources in HCA 13/71 on language==<br />
<br />
Language skills were highly valued in mid-C17th international commerce. Finding solid evidence of such language skills is somewhat harder. Neverthless, various depositions in HCA 13/71 make reference to the ability of both merchants and mariners to understand specific languages other than English.<br />
<br />
Almost all documents in HCA 13/71 are in English. However, boxes of HCA instance papers (HCA 15/, e.g. [[MRP: HCA 15/6 Box One|HCA 15/6 Box One]] (1654-1657) and [[MRP: HCA 15/6 Box Two|HCA 15/6 Box Two]] (1654-1657) contain a number of documents in Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish. Typically, though not always, an English translation is appended to these documents. Bills of lading usually went untranslated. However, petitions and letters from non_English mariners were translated and written out by notaries public, scriveners or lawyers, and sub,itted to the High Court of Admiralty.<br />
<br />
Examples: XXXX<br />
<br />
There is considerable difficulty in determining the actual language skills of merchants and mariners.<br />
<br />
For example, the English merchant Sir George Oxenden was praised by the English East India company early in his career, when based in Surat, western India, for his skill in Indian langueages. However, it is unspecified as to whether this was Gujarati, Hindustani, or some other Indian language, and there is no corroborating evidence of his verbal or written skills in any of these languages.<ref>[http://XXXXX Electronic link to a digital source]</ref> A document survives at the British Library written in French and signed by Sir George Oxenden, but it is unclear whether he drafted this document, or whether he put his name to a pre-drafted document.<ref>[http://XXXXX Electronic link to a digital source]</ref> Oxenden's nephew, Robert Master, was also praised for his adeptness in Indian languages. Streynsham's father wrote to Sir George Oxenden:<br />
<br />
"I heare Robin hath y:e Language well w:ch must helpe some other omissions"<ref>[[MRP: 27th March 1663%2C Letter from Richard Master to Sir GO27th|March 1663, Letter from Richard Master to Sir George Oxenden, BL, Add. MS. XX, XXXX f. 61]]</ref><br />
----<br />
===Language skills of merchants===<br />
<br />
'''Dutch'''<br />
<br />
'''French'''<br />
<br />
'''Spanish'''<br />
<br />
'''Portuguese'''<br />
<br />
'''Turkish'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Language skills of mariners===<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dutch'''<br />
<br />
'''French'''<br />
<br />
The thirty-five year old mariner Robert Bowden of Sain Magdalen Bermondsey in Southwarke reported that he was well aware of the merchant Trenchpaine's handwriting and that he could understand the "french tongue."<br />
<br />
* "1. delivery of the sayd three bayles back to the sayd de Richards, which<br />
2. meets this deponent (being requainted well with the sayd Trenchpaines hand<br />
3. writeing and understanding the french tongue) verily beleveeth (although hee sawe not the same wriiten) was and is<br />
4. the proper hand writing of the sayd Trenchpaine, and saith the sayd Trenchpaines<br />
5. factor did alsoe affirme the same noate to bee his the sayd Trenchpaines hand=<br />
6. ˹writing˺ and that hee save him write the same, whereup this deponent replyed to the sayd<br />
7. de Richards and told him that hee this deponent could not deliever the sayd<br />
8. bayles unto him although they were his, for that hee this deponent had signed<br />
9. and delivered to the sayd Trenchpaine three bills of ladeing of one tenor for the<br />
10. sayd three bayles, and that the sayd bills were signed with blankes as to the<br />
11. name of the person for whose risque and Accompt they were laden and alsoe as to<br />
12. the name of the person to whome they were to be delivered at London<br />
13. and that for ought hee this deponent knew the sayd Trenchpaine had filled<br />
14. up these blankes and therefore it was not safe for him this deponent to deliever<br />
15. the sayd goods to the sayd de Richards And hee saith that the sayd de Richards<br />
16. there upon and further to these articles (saving his subsequent deposition and<br />
17. saving hee saith the sayd Trenchpaine did not at any tyme whilst this deponent<br />
18. remayned with his sayd shipp at Morlaix acquainte this deponent that the sayd<br />
19. three bayles of linnen were for Accompt of the arlate Lewis desormeaux<br />
20. or that they were to be delivered to the arlate John Tufton or any other their<br />
21. in London) hee cannot depose"<br />
<br />
- ''HCA 13/71 f.201v Case: Lewis de desormeaux against John de Richard Sieur de Kargonell; Deposition: 1. Robert Bowden of the parish of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey mariner aged thirty five; Date: 05/05/1656. Transcribed by Jill Lewis''<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=687&scripto_doc_page_id=571 HCA 13/71 f.201v]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Spanish'''<br />
<br />
'''Portuguese'''<br />
<br />
'''Turkish'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Resources more generally in HCA records on language==<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Literacy==<br />
<br />
HCA 13/71 depositions offer some insights into requirements for functional literacy in different occupations. Assembling such insights and references from a range of HCA volumes would be time consuming, but ultimately rewarding.<br />
<br />
The witnesses examined in the Court of Admiralty range from well educated merchants and mariners, with clear competency in reading and writing, through to a labourers, watermen and a number of common seamen, who were clearly illiterate, being unable either to read of write.<br />
<br />
Quantitative analysis of the dataset of deposed witnesses in HCA 13/71 by declared occupation and described role suggests (though without strong statistical significance due to the sample size) that marine tradesmen were less literate, both on average and in absolute terms, than mariners performing the roles of officers below the level of Master - roles such as Purser, Quartermaster, and Boatswaine.<br />
<br />
But illiteracy did not need to be a barrier to performing a job well. Arthur Cower was a highly experienced, but illiterate, anchorsmith, who lived in the parish of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, on the south side of the river Thames. He worked as a journeyman anchorsmith for his Master, the anchorsmith, Walter Gough. In his testimony in the Admiralty Court, Cower described how he coped with his inability to read and write. Gough's workshop was adjacent to the shipyard where Gough's customer, Mr Christmas, was building a new ship, the Redd Lyonn, alias Lyon. Christmas' yard was in the parish of Rederiff, with the rather wonderful common name of "the Pitchhoule," and Gough had been contracted to supply the yard with "seuerall parcells of Iron worke and nayles," consting of many and varied items, which are listed in the deposition.(f.422r-422v)<br />
<br />
How did Cower keep track of his own production and of deliveries to Christmas' yard, and how could he be certain in court that the requisite deliveries had been made? In his testimony, Cower described his process of weighing out the iron work items, tallying them up, and "keeping Accompt thereof by scoreing vp the weight and numbers in chalke at the seuerall tymes of their deliuery."<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=903&scripto_doc_page_id=908 HCA 13/71 f.422v]</ref><br />
<br />
He went on to detail:<br />
<br />
"15. To the 6th hee saith that hee this deponent scored vp the goodes predeposed as they<br />
16. were weighed and deliuered, and once a weeke gott a Scriuener to put the particulars<br />
17. in writing according as they were scored hee this deponent not being able to<br />
18. write."<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=903&scripto_doc_page_id=916 HCA 13/71 f.423r]</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===Literacy dataset===<br />
<br />
Some preliminary analysis has been done of a subset of the complete HCA 13/71 deposition data, examining signatures and markes used to approve depositions as recorded by the High Court of Admiralty clerks or proctors.<br />
<br />
See: [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AoNoOr05QRMtdHAyNmxuVnNmYkJ3Q0ZiNEQ0R0V2S3c#gid=1Deposition Literacy analysis, 04/12/12]<br />
<br />
The characteristics of the subset of data are as follows:<br />
<br />
<u>Depositions by country of location (alphabetical)</u><br />
<br />
Barbados = 1<br />
Denmark = 2<br />
England = 436<br />
France = 32<br />
Germania = 2<br />
Hansa Ports = 10 (Danzig: 2; Hamburg: 6; Lubeck: 2)<br />
Ireland = 3 (Dublin: 1; Wexford: 1; Londonderry: 1)<br />
New England = 1<br />
Norway = 2<br />
Pommerland = 1<br />
Scotland = 3<br />
United Provinces = 26<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 520'''<br />
<br />
<u>Depositions by country of location (rank)</u><br />
<br />
England = 436<br />
France = 32<br />
United Provinces = 26<br />
Hansa Ports = 10 (Danzig: 2; Hamburg: 6; Lubeck: 2)<br />
Scotland = 3<br />
Ireland = 3 (Dublin: 1; Wexford: 1; Londonderry: 1)<br />
Germania = 2<br />
Norway = 2<br />
Pommerland = 1<br />
New England = 1<br />
Barbados = 1<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 520'''<br />
----<br />
<u>Depositions of persons located in England (alphabetical)</u><br />
<br />
Bristol = 5<br />
Cornwall = 2<br />
County of Durham = 2<br />
County of Lincoln = 1<br />
County of Southampton = 5<br />
Devon = 11<br />
Dorset = 6<br />
Essex = 11<br />
Hampshire = 2<br />
Isle of Wight = 3<br />
Kent = 17<br />
London = 155<br />
Middlesex = 115<br />
Norfolk = 4<br />
Northumberland = 2<br />
Suffolk = 16<br />
Surrey = 63<br />
Yorkshire = 1<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 421'''<br />
----<br />
<u>Depositions of persons located in England (rank & grouping)</u><br />
<br />
London = 155<br />
<br />
Middlesex = 115<br />
Surrey = 63<br />
SUB TOTAL = 178<br />
<br />
London + Middlesex + Surrey = 333<br />
<br />
Kent = 17<br />
Essex = 11<br />
SUB TOTAL = 28<br />
<br />
London + Middlesex + Surrey + Kent + Essex = 361<br />
<br />
Devon = 11<br />
Dorset = 6<br />
Bristol = 5<br />
Cornwall = 2<br />
SUB TOTAL = 24<br />
<br />
County of Southampton = 5<br />
Hampshire = 2<br />
Isle of Wight = 3<br />
SUB TOTAL = 10<br />
<br />
Suffolk = 16<br />
Norfolk = 4<br />
SUB TOTAL = 20<br />
<br />
County of Durham = 2<br />
Yorkshire = 1<br />
Northumberland = 2<br />
SUB TOTAL = 5<br />
<br />
County of Lincoln = 1<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 421'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<u>Depositions of Londoners and surrounds</u><br />
<br />
London parishes<br />
- Aldermanburie, London = 2 (2x occupation unspecified)<br />
- Allhallowes Barking, London = 4 (Winecooper; Servant/apprentice to a ship chandler; 2 x Mariner)<br />
- Saint Andrews Wardrobe = 1 (Doctor in physicke)<br />
- Saint Bennett Fimck = 1 (Notary publique)<br />
- Saint Bottolphe without Allgate = 6 (2x Mariner; 2x Merchant taylor; Mariner; Waterman; Cooper)<br />
- Saint Bottolphe Billingsgate, London = 2 (Merchant; Servant/apprentice to Salter)<br />
- Saint Buttolphes without Bishopsgate, London = 2 (Armourer; Servant/apprentice to a Merchant)<br />
- Saint Catherine near the Stocks = 1 (Grocer)<br />
- Saint Dunstans in the East = 1 (Merchant)<br />
- Saint Dunstans in the West = 1 (Mariner)<br />
- Saint Edmonds Lombard Street = 1 (Master Mariner)<br />
- Saint James Rotherhithe = 1 (Barber Chryugeon)<br />
- Saint Katherine near the Tower of London = 4 (4x Mariner)<br />
- Saint Mary Magdalens, London = 1 (Grocer)<br />
- Saint Margaret Fishstreete, London = 1 (Cooper)<br />
- Saint Martin Axe = 1 (Mariner)<br />
- Saint Martin in the Vintry = 1 (Chirugion)<br />
- Saint Mary at Hill, London = 4 (Merchant; Vintner; Salter; Scrivener)<br />
- Saint Mary Colechurch = 1 (Grocer)<br />
- Saint Mary Woolchurch = 1 (Merchant)<br />
- Saint Maudlins Milkstreete = 1 (Secretary to Prize Commission)<br />
- Saint Michael Bassishaw = 1 (Clothworker)<br />
- Saint Michael Cornhill = 2 (Scrivener; Surgeon)<br />
- Saint Michaels Crooked Lane = 1 (Servant/apprentice to fishmonger)<br />
- Saint Nicholas Olaves = 1 (Chirugion)<br />
- Saint Olaves, Southwarke, Surrey = 1 (Lighterman, 2x Waterman)<br />
- Saint Pancras Soperlane, London = 2 (Merchant; Copperas man)<br />
- Saint Stephens Wallbrooke = 1 (Merchant)<br />
- Saint Thomas Apostle = 2 (2x Merchant)<br />
- Saint Thomas Shoreditch = 1 (Mariner)<br />
- Tower Libertie = 2 (Late servant to a compasse maker; Servant/apprentice to a sail maker)<br />
<br />
- Saint Mary Matsellon alias Whitechappell, Middlesex = 5 (5x Mariner)<br />
- Stepney, Middlesex = 1 (Mariner)<br />
<br />
* Limehouse = 4 (4x Mariner)<br />
* Shadwell = 8 (Anchor smith; 2x Carpenter; Master mariner, 4x Mariner)<br />
* Wapping = 10 (1x Carpenter; Brewers servant; Mariner(Gunner); 3x Marine; Mariner (Cheife Mate); Mariner (Boatswaine); Deale merchant; Labourer)<br />
SUBTOTAL = 22<br />
<br />
- Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in Southwarke, Surrey = 15 (XXXX)<br />
- Saint Olave Southwarke, Surrex = 9 (8x Mariner; 1x Brewers clerk)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Middlesex parishes<br />
<br />
Surrey parishes<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Use of translation==<br />
<br />
A number of depositions and other legal statements in HCA 13/71 were translated, either by other merchants or mariners, or by hired translators.<br />
<br />
An example of this can be seen in XXXX.<br />
----<br />
[[Comments]]</div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=PhD_Forum_briefing_note:_Material_culture_and_language&diff=74722PhD Forum briefing note: Material culture and language2012-12-12T16:27:11Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''PhD Forum briefing note: Material culture and language'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
04/12/12: CSG, created page<br />
----<br />
'''Purpose of page'''<br />
<br />
This draft page is a briefing note for the planned PhD Forum online discussionn of material culture and language<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Adding footnotes'''<br />
<br />
* Go into edit mode<br />
<br />
* Insert immediately after the sentence or phrase you wish to annotate the following macro:<br />
<br />
<nowiki><ref>This is the footnote text</ref></nowiki><br />
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* Replace 'This is the footnote text' with the footnote you wish to add, using the format: first name, surname, title, (place of publication, date of publication), page or folio number<br />
<br />
* Save the page<br />
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'''Creating an electronic link within the footnote to a digital source'''<br />
<br />
* Using the link icon in the top RH menu bar in your open window, highlight the footnote text which you wish to become the clickable link. This will place square brackets round the text, within the existing curved brackets<br />
<br />
e.g. <nowiki><ref>[Electronic link to a digital source]</ref></nowiki><br />
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* Insert the URL of the digital source IN FRONT of the existing text, but still within the square brackets, leaving one space between the end of the URL and the start of the footnote text<br />
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* Save the page, and the footnote text will now show 'Electronic link to a digital source' as a clickable link, which, when clicked, will go to 'http://XXXXX'<br />
<br />
* FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE:<br />
<br />
- ''HCA 13/71 f.XXXX Case: XXXX; Deposition: XXXX; Date: XXXX. Transcribed by XXXX''<ref>[http://XXXXX Electronic link to a digital source]</ref><br />
----<br />
__TOC__<br />
----<br />
==Suggested links==<br />
<br />
[[PhD Forum|PhD Forum]]<br />
<br />
[[PhD Forum briefing note: Geography and trade; Commerce and law|PhD Forum briefing note: Geography and trade; Commerce and law]]<br />
----<br />
==Introduction==<br />
----<br />
===Purpose and process of the forum session===<br />
<br />
The purpose of the forum on material culture and language is for PhD Forum members to explore the potential of HCA materials, as exemplified by HCA 13/71.<br />
<br />
Forum members are asked to think how HCA materials might assist them directly in their studies, and more generally how they might assist scholars in exploring issues related to these topics.<br />
<br />
The online session, which will take place on XXXX, will be facilitated by XXXXX. The role of the facilitator is to structure the session, and to pose a series of questions to forum members. All participating members are encouraged to speak, and at the end of the forum the facilitator will ask each member to make some summary remarks.<br />
<br />
Notes will be taken of the meeting and posted to the PhD Forum page after the session. Forum members are encouraged to expand and and correct these notes as they see fit.<br />
----<br />
===The questions: Material culture===<br />
<br />
How are the material objects perceived in the HCA documents? How are the trade goods described? Are different goods described in different ways? Please give specific examples from the documents.<br />
<br />
Do the types of goods ever need to be explained to present day researchers? Would it be helpful to present day researchers using the Marine Lives information to have a description of what a particular product was, and its qualities?<br />
<br />
Is the point of origin of the material objects mentioned in the documents important? If so, why?<br />
<br />
Are there ideas of surplus value (i.e. more than a simple economic valuation, do some or all of these objects also have cultural capital?). If so, which objects and why? What kind of cultural capital?<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
===The questions: Language===<br />
<br />
How do the the HCA documents work as acts of communication in their own right? Consider this with respect to 1) their production, reception, and transmission by early moderns, and 2) the ways in which they can help present day researchers in the Marine Lives database.<br />
<br />
How does language function as a moment of cultural interaction in these documents? In particular, consider what languages do people choose, and why? Does this have social/cultural implications? Please refer to specific examples in the HCA documents.<br />
<br />
How highly was language valued when assembling a ship's company/making promotions/assigning voyages?<br />
<br />
How do we approach the question of non-verbal communication? Is there a privileging of the verbal and the written in these documents?<br />
<br />
In the HCA documents, a person's words are being taken down as they say them. However, sometimes deponents report what other people, not present at the moment of the deposition, have said. What do you think about the disjunction between spoken and reported language in the HCA documents? Does this raise interesting questions about, for instance, authority?<br />
<br />
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==Working definition of material culture and language for this forum discussion==<br />
<br />
Material culture: the totality of physical objects, human beings, and discourses, and their interactions, at a given time.<br />
<br />
'''Question:''' Do you feel this is a good definition? If not, please do refine upon it or change it, and explain why you have made these changes.<br />
<br />
Language: the different means of communication used in different contexts, including spoken and written language, and nonverbal forms of communication including gesture, unwritten social codes, as well as vocalisations such as muttering, and so on<br />
<br />
'''Question:''' Do you feel this is a good definition? If not, please do refine upon it or change it, and explain why you have made these changes.<br />
<br />
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===Additonal question: The Relationship between language and material culture===<br />
<br />
What about the intersection between language and material cultures? How far do you think that material cultures and language could be seen to be shaping each other, as well as shaping the identity of the merchants and other people who appear in the HCA documents?<br />
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==Resources in HCA 13/71 on material culture==<br />
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===Commodities===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Currants and raisins trade|Currants and raisins trade]]<br />
[[Oranges and lemons trade|Oranges and lemons trade]]<br />
[[Textile trade|Textile trade]]<br />
<br />
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===Infrastructure===<br />
<br />
[[Materials handling|Materials handling]]<br />
[[Thames docks and wharves|Thames docks and wharves]]<br />
[[Thames lighters|Thames lighters]]<br />
<br />
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===Physicality of trades===<br />
<br />
[[Port trades|Port trades]]<br />
<br />
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==Resources more generally in HCA records on material culture==<br />
<br />
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==Resources in HCA 13/71 on language==<br />
<br />
Language skills were highly valued in mid-C17th international commerce. Finding solid evidence of such language skills is somewhat harder. Neverthless, various depositions in HCA 13/71 make reference to the ability of both merchants and mariners to understand specific languages other than English.<br />
<br />
Almost all documents in HCA 13/71 are in English. However, boxes of HCA instance papers (HCA 15/, e.g. [[MRP: HCA 15/6 Box One|HCA 15/6 Box One]] (1654-1657) and [[MRP: HCA 15/6 Box Two|HCA 15/6 Box Two]] (1654-1657) contain a number of documents in Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish. Typically, though not always, an English translation is appended to these documents. Bills of lading usually went untranslated. However, petitions and letters from non_English mariners were translated and written out by notaries public, scriveners or lawyers, and sub,itted to the High Court of Admiralty.<br />
<br />
Examples: XXXX<br />
<br />
There is considerable difficulty in determining the actual language skills of merchants and mariners.<br />
<br />
For example, the English merchant Sir George Oxenden was praised by the English East India company early in his career, when based in Surat, western India, for his skill in Indian langueages. However, it is unspecified as to whether this was Gujarati, Hindustani, or some other Indian language, and there is no corroborating evidence of his verbal or written skills in any of these languages.<ref>[http://XXXXX Electronic link to a digital source]</ref> A document survives at the British Library written in French and signed by Sir George Oxenden, but it is unclear whether he drafted this document, or whether he put his name to a pre-drafted document.<ref>[http://XXXXX Electronic link to a digital source]</ref> Oxenden's nephew, Robert Master, was also praised for his adeptness in Indian languages. Streynsham's father wrote to Sir George Oxenden:<br />
<br />
"I heare Robin hath y:e Language well w:ch must helpe some other omissions"<ref>[[MRP: 27th March 1663%2C Letter from Richard Master to Sir GO27th|March 1663, Letter from Richard Master to Sir George Oxenden, BL, Add. MS. XX, XXXX f. 61]]</ref><br />
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===Language skills of merchants===<br />
<br />
'''Dutch'''<br />
<br />
'''French'''<br />
<br />
'''Spanish'''<br />
<br />
'''Portuguese'''<br />
<br />
'''Turkish'''<br />
<br />
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===Language skills of mariners===<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dutch'''<br />
<br />
'''French'''<br />
<br />
The thirty-five year old mariner Robert Bowden of Sain Magdalen Bermondsey in Southwarke reported that he was well aware of the merchant Trenchpaine's handwriting and that he could understand the "french tongue."<br />
<br />
* "1. delivery of the sayd three bayles back to the sayd de Richards, which<br />
2. meets this deponent (being requainted well with the sayd Trenchpaines hand<br />
3. writeing and understanding the french tongue) verily beleveeth (although hee sawe not the same wriiten) was and is<br />
4. the proper hand writing of the sayd Trenchpaine, and saith the sayd Trenchpaines<br />
5. factor did alsoe affirme the same noate to bee his the sayd Trenchpaines hand=<br />
6. ˹writing˺ and that hee save him write the same, whereup this deponent replyed to the sayd<br />
7. de Richards and told him that hee this deponent could not deliever the sayd<br />
8. bayles unto him although they were his, for that hee this deponent had signed<br />
9. and delivered to the sayd Trenchpaine three bills of ladeing of one tenor for the<br />
10. sayd three bayles, and that the sayd bills were signed with blankes as to the<br />
11. name of the person for whose risque and Accompt they were laden and alsoe as to<br />
12. the name of the person to whome they were to be delivered at London<br />
13. and that for ought hee this deponent knew the sayd Trenchpaine had filled<br />
14. up these blankes and therefore it was not safe for him this deponent to deliever<br />
15. the sayd goods to the sayd de Richards And hee saith that the sayd de Richards<br />
16. there upon and further to these articles (saving his subsequent deposition and<br />
17. saving hee saith the sayd Trenchpaine did not at any tyme whilst this deponent<br />
18. remayned with his sayd shipp at Morlaix acquainte this deponent that the sayd<br />
19. three bayles of linnen were for Accompt of the arlate Lewis desormeaux<br />
20. or that they were to be delivered to the arlate John Tufton or any other their<br />
21. in London) hee cannot depose"<br />
<br />
- ''HCA 13/71 f.201v Case: Lewis de desormeaux against John de Richard Sieur de Kargonell; Deposition: 1. Robert Bowden of the parish of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey mariner aged thirty five; Date: 05/05/1656. Transcribed by Jill Lewis''<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=687&scripto_doc_page_id=571 HCA 13/71 f.201v]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Spanish'''<br />
<br />
'''Portuguese'''<br />
<br />
'''Turkish'''<br />
<br />
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==Resources more generally in HCA records on language==<br />
<br />
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==Literacy==<br />
<br />
HCA 13/71 depositions offer some insights into requirements for functional literacy in different occupations. Assembling such insights and references from a range of HCA volumes would be time consuming, but ultimately rewarding.<br />
<br />
The witnesses examined in the Court of Admiralty range from well educated merchants and mariners, with clear competency in reading and writing, through to a labourers, watermen and a number of common seamen, who were clearly illiterate, being unable either to read of write.<br />
<br />
Quantitative analysis of the dataset of deposed witnesses in HCA 13/71 by declared occupation and described role suggests (though without strong statistical significance due to the sample size) that marine tradesmen were less literate, both on average and in absolute terms, than mariners performing the roles of officers below the level of Master - roles such as Purser, Quartermaster, and Boatswaine.<br />
<br />
But illiteracy did not need to be a barrier to performing a job well. Arthur Cower was a highly experienced, but illiterate, anchorsmith, who lived in the parish of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, on the south side of the river Thames. He worked as a journeyman anchorsmith for his Master, the anchorsmith, Walter Gough. In his testimony in the Admiralty Court, Cower described how he coped with his inability to read and write. Gough's workshop was adjacent to the shipyard where Gough's customer, Mr Christmas, was building a new ship, the Redd Lyonn, alias Lyon. Christmas' yard was in the parish of Rederiff, with the rather wonderful common name of "the Pitchhoule," and Gough had been contracted to supply the yard with "seuerall parcells of Iron worke and nayles," consting of many and varied items, which are listed in the deposition.(f.422r-422v)<br />
<br />
How did Cower keep track of his own production and of deliveries to Christmas' yard, and how could he be certain in court that the requisite deliveries had been made? In his testimony, Cower described his process of weighing out the iron work items, tallying them up, and "keeping Accompt thereof by scoreing vp the weight and numbers in chalke at the seuerall tymes of their deliuery."<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=903&scripto_doc_page_id=908 HCA 13/71 f.422v]</ref><br />
<br />
He went on to detail:<br />
<br />
"15. To the 6th hee saith that hee this deponent scored vp the goodes predeposed as they<br />
16. were weighed and deliuered, and once a weeke gott a Scriuener to put the particulars<br />
17. in writing according as they were scored hee this deponent not being able to<br />
18. write."<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=903&scripto_doc_page_id=916 HCA 13/71 f.423r]</ref><br />
<br />
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===Literacy dataset===<br />
<br />
Some preliminary analysis has been done of a subset of the complete HCA 13/71 deposition data, examining signatures and markes used to approve depositions as recorded by the High Court of Admiralty clerks or proctors.<br />
<br />
See: [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AoNoOr05QRMtdHAyNmxuVnNmYkJ3Q0ZiNEQ0R0V2S3c#gid=1Deposition Literacy analysis, 04/12/12]<br />
<br />
The characteristics of the subset of data are as follows:<br />
<br />
<u>Depositions by country of location (alphabetical)</u><br />
<br />
Barbados = 1<br />
Denmark = 2<br />
England = 436<br />
France = 32<br />
Germania = 2<br />
Hansa Ports = 10 (Danzig: 2; Hamburg: 6; Lubeck: 2)<br />
Ireland = 3 (Dublin: 1; Wexford: 1; Londonderry: 1)<br />
New England = 1<br />
Norway = 2<br />
Pommerland = 1<br />
Scotland = 3<br />
United Provinces = 26<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 520'''<br />
<br />
<u>Depositions by country of location (rank)</u><br />
<br />
England = 436<br />
France = 32<br />
United Provinces = 26<br />
Hansa Ports = 10 (Danzig: 2; Hamburg: 6; Lubeck: 2)<br />
Scotland = 3<br />
Ireland = 3 (Dublin: 1; Wexford: 1; Londonderry: 1)<br />
Germania = 2<br />
Norway = 2<br />
Pommerland = 1<br />
New England = 1<br />
Barbados = 1<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 520'''<br />
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<u>Depositions of persons located in England (alphabetical)</u><br />
<br />
Bristol = 5<br />
Cornwall = 2<br />
County of Durham = 2<br />
County of Lincoln = 1<br />
County of Southampton = 5<br />
Devon = 11<br />
Dorset = 6<br />
Essex = 11<br />
Hampshire = 2<br />
Isle of Wight = 3<br />
Kent = 17<br />
London = 155<br />
Middlesex = 115<br />
Norfolk = 4<br />
Northumberland = 2<br />
Suffolk = 16<br />
Surrey = 63<br />
Yorkshire = 1<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 421'''<br />
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<u>Depositions of persons located in England (rank & grouping)</u><br />
<br />
London = 155<br />
<br />
Middlesex = 115<br />
Surrey = 63<br />
SUB TOTAL = 178<br />
<br />
London + Middlesex + Surrey = 333<br />
<br />
Kent = 17<br />
Essex = 11<br />
SUB TOTAL = 28<br />
<br />
London + Middlesex + Surrey + Kent + Essex = 361<br />
<br />
Devon = 11<br />
Dorset = 6<br />
Bristol = 5<br />
Cornwall = 2<br />
SUB TOTAL = 24<br />
<br />
County of Southampton = 5<br />
Hampshire = 2<br />
Isle of Wight = 3<br />
SUB TOTAL = 10<br />
<br />
Suffolk = 16<br />
Norfolk = 4<br />
SUB TOTAL = 20<br />
<br />
County of Durham = 2<br />
Yorkshire = 1<br />
Northumberland = 2<br />
SUB TOTAL = 5<br />
<br />
County of Lincoln = 1<br />
<br />
'''TOTAL = 421'''<br />
<br />
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<u>Depositions of Londoners and surrounds</u><br />
<br />
London parishes<br />
- Aldermanburie, London = 2 (2x occupation unspecified)<br />
- Allhallowes Barking, London = 4 (Winecooper; Servant/apprentice to a ship chandler; 2 x Mariner)<br />
- Saint Andrews Wardrobe = 1 (Doctor in physicke)<br />
- Saint Bennett Fimck = 1 (Notary publique)<br />
- Saint Bottolphe without Allgate = 6 (2x Mariner; 2x Merchant taylor; Mariner; Waterman; Cooper)<br />
- Saint Bottolphe Billingsgate, London = 2 (Merchant; Servant/apprentice to Salter)<br />
- Saint Buttolphes without Bishopsgate, London = 2 (Armourer; Servant/apprentice to a Merchant)<br />
- Saint Catherine near the Stocks = 1 (Grocer)<br />
- Saint Dunstans in the East = 1 (Merchant)<br />
- Saint Dunstans in the West = 1 (Mariner)<br />
- Saint Edmonds Lombard Street = 1 (Master Mariner)<br />
- Saint James Rotherhithe = 1 (Barber Chryugeon)<br />
- Saint Katherine near the Tower of London = 4 (4x Mariner)<br />
- Saint Mary Magdalens, London = 1 (Grocer)<br />
- Saint Margaret Fishstreete, London = 1 (Cooper)<br />
- Saint Martin Axe = 1 (Mariner)<br />
- Saint Martin in the Vintry = 1 (Chirugion)<br />
- Saint Mary at Hill, London = 4 (Merchant; Vintner; Salter; Scrivener)<br />
- Saint Mary Colechurch = 1 (Grocer)<br />
- Saint Mary Woolchurch = 1 (Merchant)<br />
- Saint Maudlins Milkstreete = 1 (Secretary to Prize Commission)<br />
- Saint Michael Bassishaw = 1 (Clothworker)<br />
- Saint Michael Cornhill = 2 (Scrivener; Surgeon)<br />
- Saint Michaels Crooked Lane = 1 (Servant/apprentice to fishmonger)<br />
- Saint Nicholas Olaves = 1 (Chirugion)<br />
- Saint Olaves, Southwarke, Surrey = 1 (Lighterman, 2x Waterman)<br />
- Saint Pancras Soperlane, London = 2 (Merchant; Copperas man)<br />
- Saint Stephens Wallbrooke = 1 (Merchant)<br />
- Saint Thomas Apostle = 2 (2x Merchant)<br />
- Saint Thomas Shoreditch = 1 (Mariner)<br />
- Tower Libertie = 2 (Late servant to a compasse maker; Servant/apprentice to a sail maker)<br />
<br />
- Saint Mary Matsellon alias Whitechappell, Middlesex = 5 (5x Mariner)<br />
- Stepney, Middlesex = 1 (Mariner)<br />
<br />
* Limehouse = 4 (4x Mariner)<br />
* Shadwell = 8 (Anchor smith; 2x Carpenter; Master mariner, 4x Mariner)<br />
* Wapping = 10 (1x Carpenter; Brewers servant; Mariner(Gunner); 3x Marine; Mariner (Cheife Mate); Mariner (Boatswaine); Deale merchant; Labourer)<br />
SUBTOTAL = 22<br />
<br />
- Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in Southwarke, Surrey = 15 (XXXX)<br />
- Saint Olave Southwarke, Surrex = 9 (8x Mariner; 1x Brewers clerk)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Middlesex parishes<br />
<br />
Surrey parishes<br />
<br />
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==Use of translation==<br />
<br />
A number of depositions and other legal statements in HCA 13/71 were translated, either by other merchants or mariners, or by hired translators.<br />
<br />
An example of this can be seen in XXXX.<br />
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[[Comments]]</div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=C17th_Arctic_whaling&diff=78436C17th Arctic whaling2012-10-20T17:09:22Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''C17th Arctic whaling'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
'''15/10/12''': CSG created page<br />
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'''Purpose of this page'''<br />
<br />
This week (W/C 15/10/12) Jill's, Colin's and William's teams are working on a case involving a failed whaling adventure to the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 1656 ("'''Batson against Goslin and others'''")<br />
<br />
We plan to publish a blog article on the case, placing it in a broader context of the whaling fisheries off Spitsbergen (alt. Spitzbergen) in the 1650s. (The first thing to note is that C17th "Greeneland" is what we now call "Spitsbergen")<br />
<br />
Jill, Colin and William would like to encourage their team members to use this page to share quotes, and to explore places, people and activities mentioned in the pages they are transcribing<br />
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__TOC__<br />
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==Suggested links==<br />
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==Mentioned in case==<br />
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===Animals and technology===<br />
<br />
[[File:WP_Fax_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574.png|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Boyler'''<br />
<br />
'''Cape whale'''<br />
<br />
- The two whales captured by the Owners Adventure in 1656 are described as "cape whales" (HCA 13/128, no foliation)<br />
<br />
'''Furnace'''<br />
<br />
- "''this rendent beleeveth that the Dutch & ffrench having their ships usually fitted with furnaces & other materialls in their ships, & not being prmitted to have the freedome of harbors there, in Greeneland fish at sea but this rendent beleeveth that the use with the English is the contrary''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX; HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041]], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Jubartas'''<br />
<br />
- "''comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are''" (HCA 13/71 f.464r)<br />
<br />
'''Launce'''<br />
<br />
- After a whale had been exhausted from a pursuit by its hunters in multiple shallops, the hunters approached the whale on the surface and struck it with lances<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 26)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Pinke'''<br />
<br />
- "''did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.479r)<br />
<br />
'''Right whale'''<br />
<br />
- The species favoured off Spitsbergen by early C17th whalers of all European nations, given that it was calm, slow moving, and floated when dead.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 24)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Sea horse''' (?walrus)<br />
<br />
- "(on Hope Island) ''the dutch having killed about a hundred sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''about twenty butts of blubber of sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
<br />
-"''A little further inland we find sea-horses, as the English call them, sea-cows, as the French say, and sea-elephants, as we could say, for they resemble these almost in size of body, and on account of the great teeth they have in their mouth.<br />
<br />
They have much fat from which to make grease, but the skin, although it is enormously thick, and has been found to weigh here 400lb., is worth very little, because it is too full of blisters. But the teeth are worth all the more, being estimated of greater value than ivory''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/28/mode/2up Hessel Gerritszoon van Assum, 'Description of the new country, called by the Dutch Spitsbergen' (Amsterdam, 1613), in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1904), p.28)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Shallop''' (small boat)<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_Whale_Boat_off_Eden_NSW_Towed_By_Whale_AusGeog_DL_CSG_191012.JPG|thumbnail|400px|right]]<br />
<br />
Small boats were used by Europeans when whaling in Arctic waters from the C16th onwards into the early C20th.<br />
<br />
Below is a small whaling boat from the southern hemisphere, near Eden, New South Wales, in the early C20th.<ref>Original caption for unedited larger iamge: 'Fabled killer whale (Orcinus orca) named Old Tom swims alongside a whaling boat being towed by a harpooned whale', [http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/legendary-killer-whales-of-eden.htm Australian Geographic, June 6, 2012, online], viewed 19/10/12</ref> The design may well differ from the mid-C17th English shallops, but the crew size matches the deponents descriptions of a harpooner, four rowers, and a steersman.<br />
<br />
<u>Question</u><br />
<br />
Laura: In the deposition I am working on the deponent states that he and his company:<br />
<br />
"''did put out their boates and worke the sayd shipps in to the Ice about eight or ˹seven˺ leagues as did alsoe fower other English shipps which were then in Company with the Owners Adventure and Greyhound, and after the sayd shipps had all sixe of them wrought soe farr into the Ice, the Ice then proving to bee somewhat thick this deponent ordered his Companyes of his two vessells...to make fast too great Ice peeces of Ice and lash their vessells fast board and board to the shipps of Mr Golding and Mr Welch being two of the other fower English shipps aforesayd, who had alsoe cause their Companys to make fast their too shipps to the same peece of ice and the sayd shipps being soe fastened, they all laye there for some tyme then when the Ice would open as usually it doth''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
I was wondering how the above idea of 'working into the ice' works? Does anyone know? Would the ships/boats just have tried to ram through the ice with their prows, or would the sailors have used special technology/techniques? Laura<br />
<br />
<u>Answer</u><br />
<br />
Colin: The above description suggests that the sailing ships were led or towed through the broken ice field by crew from the ships rowing in the five or six shallops which were part of the whaling ship's equipment. Shallopps could be hauled across ice, assisted by planks and oars, if the ice became too thick, but not the larger sailing ships. Presumably the crewmen in the shallops, when leading the sailing ships, used oars and planks to fend off floating ice. There are accounts in the 1H C17th of Dutch ships being crushed in the ice off Spitsbergen and Mauritius island (in the north-west of Spitsbergen, where the Dutch settlement of Smerenburg was located:<br />
<br />
"''In the evening we rowed out in the shallop, in order to see whether there was nothing to be got, proceeding some distance in the West Bay, until we could get no further on account of the ice, when we climbed high up on the mountains, and could — strange to say — see no ice outside the bay ; but in the bay itself and in the N. all was ice. Upon our return we found our passage cut off and entirely ice-bound, so that we had with great difficulty to drag our shallop through and over it. We were almost resolved to haul our shallop on to some ice-floes, which were fast to the ground some seven or eight fathoms deep, and betake ourselves to land across the ice-floes by means of planks and oars.''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/162/mode/2up 'Van der Brugge's Journal, 1634' in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English voyages to Spitsbergen in the seventeenth century (London, 1904), p. 163)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Train oil''' (alt. Trane; Traine; Traen; Oile; Oyle; Oyl)<br />
<br />
From the Dutch "traen", referring to "tears." Train oil was a certain type of oil produced from certain parts of processed whales, and used for lighting. References can be found in other HCA documents to "Traine Oyle", for example:<br />
<br />
"''"y:e said Grove did Lade on board y:e said Ship at Newfound Land about six hogsheads of Traine Oyle, w:ch was there stowed inn the Lazaretto or y:e fore?peeke of the said Ship, and there Continued untill it was unladen at Nevis''" (HCA 13/73 Part Two)<br />
----<br />
===Crews===<br />
<br />
Appleby, writing of the Hull whalers in the early C17th, states that:<br />
<br />
"''unfortunately the men who served aboard these vessels, who formed part of the first generation of English whalemen, are almost invisible. Little evidence survives for the manning of, or recruitment to, Hull whaling ships; nor is much known about conditions of work, discipline and pay.''" (Appleby, 2008: 45)<br />
<br />
Appleby also states that little is known about the Hull and York merchants who promoted and financed the whaling trade in the early C17th (Appleby, 2008: 46-47)<br />
<br />
* CSG: We have an opportunity to use the case and depositions of Batson against Goslin and others to elucidate the social character and organisation of a London financed whaling adventure from the mid-1650s, at a time when English whaling off Spitsbergen was in disarray, facing exceptionally strong competition from the Dutch (and to a lesser extent the French)<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that Hull whaling masters may previously have served on similar voyages as mates and harpooners, and cites "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the ''Adventure'' of Hull in 1656" who "had served under other masters on five previous voyages to Spitsbergen, and as "Master & harponeere" on another eleven" (Appleby, 2008: 46), Appleby's primary source for this is our very own HCA 13/71, and "Mr. Pybus" is one of the four other whaling captains of "London shipps" mentioned by the deponents in ''Batson against Goslin and others.''<br />
<br />
Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, he suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men. Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)<br />
<br />
* CSG: It will be interesting to compare the wages and structure of wages stated in related HCA 13/128 litigation brought by Richard Gosling, Henry ffreeman and others against Batson et al., with Appleby's data.<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===People===<br />
<br />
<u>J. Segersz, van der Brugge's "Journael," 1635, 'dic op Spitsbergen Overwintert zijn', p. 31</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Conway_M_Early_Voyages_Spitsbergen_1904_betw_p136_p137_IA_CSG_DL_191012.JPG|thumbnail|500px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Ashmore'''<br />
<br />
'''Richard Batson'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r).<br />
<br />
- Appears in other archival records sometimes as "Battison" (Batson & Company; Battison and Company).<br />
<br />
- Richard Batison and Company's interest in the Greenland fisheries may have been a substantial one, in terms both of capital commitment and activity. He was certainly active in sending out whaling ships prior to 1656. Moreover, he employed men with extensive experience of the trade. For example, Robert Kirton, hired as overseer of the land men, stated in his deposition that he had "gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland."<ref>HCA 13/71 f.501r</ref> However, is unclear whether Humphrey Beane and Gowen Gold(e)gay, his partners in the 1656 adventure involving the Owners' Adventure and the Greyhound, were long term partners in this trade.<br />
<br />
When the Yarmouth merchant and whaler, Thomas Horth (alt. Howarth), proposed in ?1654 that English merchants should supply 3000 tons and 500 men for the Greenland fisheries, he pencilled in 200 tons for "Battison and partners." A further 300 tons were suggested for Whitwell and partners, 500 tons for unnamed Yarmouth merchants, and 1600 tons for unnamed London merchants.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.74, and more generally pp. 69-75]</ref> When certificates of exemption from the impress of harpooners and steersmen were issued in early 1654 a specific protection was issued Richard Batson and Company for fourteen harpooners.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/lastofmayflower00harriala#page/68/mode/2up Rendell Harris, The last of the 'Mayflower' (Manchester, 1920), p.69], citing CSPD, p.434, vol. i., 206,247: vol. i, 19, 22</ref><br />
<br />
- There is some evidence to suggest that Richard Batson was attracted to capital intensive, process oriented industrial activities, with a Richard Batson, merchant, and a partner and fellow merchant, Edmond Lewin, acquiring a glass house in Goodman's Yard, the Minories, in 1651. As always, with prosopographical resconstruction, it is hard to be certain that all the identities are congruent.<ref>[http://www.cbrain.mistral.co.uk/minories.htm 'Minories or Goodman's Yard Glass House', web article], viewed 17/10712]</ref><br />
<br />
- The Batson of HCA 13/71 may be Richard Batson, citizen and cutler (b. ?, d. ca. 1667), whose daughter married John Bendish, son of Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador to Constantinople (a friend of Sir George Oxenden).<ref>Possible will [[MRP: Richard Batson will|PROB 11/424 Carr 59-116, Will of Richard Batson, Cutler, June 16th 1667]]</ref> J.R. Woodhead (1966) provides a sketchy outline of Richard Batson, the cutler.<ref>'Batson, Richard', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s43 J.R. Woodhead, 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Humfrey Beane'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Probably Humphrey (alt. Humfry) Beane (b. ?1613, d. 1679/80), of Ebisham (alt. Epsom), Surrey. J. R. Woodhead characterises him as a cordwainer, available at the Turkey Walk on the Exchange. A dissenter, he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Woodhead, drawing on CHW Mander (1931:82n.), states that Humphrey Beane had "great interest in Greenland whale fisheries."<ref>'Beane, Humphrey' in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s51 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 28/04/12); CHW Mander, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Guild of Cordwainers of the City of London (1931), p 82 n; PROB 11/362 Bath 1-59 Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey 14 January 1680</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The daughter and heiress of Humphrey Beane, cordwainer, Elizabeth, married by 1667 (Sir) John Parsons (b.1639, d.1717) of Well Close Square, Ratcliffe, Middlesex, and the Priory, Reigate. Humphrey Beane's residence is given by Cruickshank ''et al.'' (XXXX), as "of Sr. Mary Axe, London, and Epsom, Surr."<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B_92tjio4vIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=beane+cordwainer&source=bl&ots=GN_m4aD-m-&sig=L_KE-xEPqnaFNMlPUx3XUtyIbrA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4J9UNf-PMKS0QWh24Bo&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=beane%20cordwainer&f=false Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley (eds.), The House of Commons, 1690-1715, vol. 5., members O-Z (Cambridge, XXXX), p.105], viewed 16/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mathew Boulding''' (alt. Bowlding)<br />
<br />
- Harpooneere (HCA 13/71 f.485v)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Chantry''' (alt. Chantrie)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. Child'''<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
'''William Clarkson'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex<br />
<br />
- Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine<br />
<br />
'''John Colville'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''hee was Gunner of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question, and hath not commenced any action ag''ains''t the Interrogate Batson Beane and Golderne or any of them for wayges for t{he} voyage ˹in question˺ nor intendeth to commence any unlesse hee bee enforced thereunto by their uniust dealeings in denying to pay him what is due to him''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
'''Thomas Damerell'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Master of Owners Adventure, and "commander, director and orderer of the Greyhound" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Lymehouse, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex; aged 37 in December 1656, so b. ca. 1619 (one year before Sir George Oxenden (b.1620, d. 1669))<br />
<br />
- Damerell is a name which shows considerable orthographical variation, and subsequent further variation through probable mistranscription, for example: Damerell; Damarall; Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell;Dameryll; Dumerill<br />
<br />
- A number of male and female Damerells (and name variants) appear in the records of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney, in the 1630 to 1670 period, including children born to a Thomas Damerell.<br />
<br />
- Several of the male Stepney Damerells are identified as mariners of Limehouse. Probate was granted in October 1631 to Rachel Damerell, wife of James Damerell, of Limehouse, in the parish of Stepney, who was identified as mariner "deceased abroad."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/yearbooksofproba01cantuoft#page/78/mode/2up 'Will (106 St. John), probate Oct. 24 1631' in John Mathews, George F. Mathews (eds.), Abstracts of probate acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (London, 1902), p. 78], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref> The marriage of a William Damerell, "marriner", of Lymehouse, Stepney, appears in the printed marriage records the parish of Saint Dunstan's in the month of August 1652.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- A "Thomas Damarell" is listed in a September 1650 petition to the Naval Commisioners as a mariner on the ''Adventure'', under the command of Captain Wyard.<ref>Reference states: Also Vol. XI., No. 34. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54366 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Volume 11: September 1650', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1650 (1876), pp. 320-365.]</ref><br />
<br />
- Casual inspection of varied records suggests that "Damerell" may be a Devon name<br />
<br />
'''John Ely'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, county of Surrey, aged 28 in late 1656<br />
<br />
'''Maurice ffoarde'''<br />
<br />
- Criticised by Thomas Damarell in his deposition, for allegedly giving false testimony in favour of Batson ''et al.'' in return for payment of his wages. Damarell deposed that:<br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth) had not promised to pay him his wages, hee would have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<br />
<br />
'''Henry ffreeman'''<br />
<br />
- Shipped on the Greyhound<br />
<br />
- Lead name in wages suit against Batson ''et al'' on behalf of crew of the Greyhound (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Golding''' (alt. Goulding)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling shipp (described as one of four London ships, whose masters were Pybus, Golding, XXXX, and Child)<br />
<br />
'''Gowen ?Golderne''' (alt. Goldagne; Goldegay; Goldgay)<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Possibly Gowen Goldegay. Gowen Goldegay (b. ?1614, d. ca. 1657), of Whitefriars, City of London. 'Mr. Gowen Goldegay,' was appointed to 'a Committee for the Militia, of and within the Borough of Southwarke, and Parts adjacent within the Lines of Communication, on the South Side of the River of Thames, in the County of Surrey' in September 1647.<ref>Gowen Goldingay: Christening 04 Dec 1614 St Giles Cripplegate, London: Father: Edward Goldingay, IGI; PROB 11/269 Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London 14 November 1657 Ruthen 411-461, pp. 1-5</ref><br />
<br />
'''Edward Gosling''' (alt. Goslin)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath knowne the sayd Goslin for these sixe or seaven yeares and gone in severall shipps with him severall voyages wherein the sayd Goslin hath served as Masters mate and observed that in all these voyages he behaved himselfe civilly and was carefull of his task committed to him and was reputed an able and experienced seaman and a man of good life and conversation''" (HCA 13/71 f.467r: Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v: Deposition of John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''after the comming out of the Ice the sayd Gosling Maundrie Humphreys and others harponeeres had difference with the Master and refused to obey his Command about helpeing to kill the whale aforesayd''" (HCA 13/71 f.497r)<br />
<br />
Edward Gosling was not an unknown quantity to Richard Batson, having been on several past voyages on behalf of Batson & Company:<br />
<br />
"''he beleeveth y:e sd Gosling did goe to Greeneland on severall voiages for this rendent 1ne Comp:ie''"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
<br />
Moreover, Batson clearly knew Gosling personally:<br />
<br />
"''after such time as the sd ship arlate arrived at Blackwall this rendent did give the sd Gosling a Cup of beere at London & tould him when the ship was discharged he would talke further with him about the voiage in question or to that effect''"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
<br />
'''Gosling's 'mutinous mammer'.''' There is quite a good passage describing Gosling's refusal to obey orders from f. 480r: Dammerel says of Gosling that he 'did in a mutinous mammer saye thus or the like in effect wee (meaning him selfe and the rest of the Company of the Owners Adventure) will goe noe further, and speaking to this deponent sayde wee will see ye hanged before wee will goe any further with such a roague and a foole' - Laura<br />
<br />
<br />
'''William Humfrey'''<br />
<br />
- Member of company of Owners Adventure and harpooner<br />
<br />
<u>Detail of Smerenburg land station of the Noordsche Compagnie on Amsterdamøya Island, off northwest coast of West-Spitsbergen, Cornelis de Man, 1639</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_De_Man_Cornelis_Smerenburg_1639_WiMed_CSG_DL_161012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Richard Kirton'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''[Richard Kirton] Overseer of the Land men of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound the voyage in question and was by his office to Oversee the land men of both the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound that they did their office and duty in cutting up and boyleing and orderring of such whales as should bee taken the sayd voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- "''"hee [Richard Kirton] having gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland knoweth that some of those voyages there hath bin little or noe Ice at all upon the Coast and therefore lesse danger than was the voyage in question''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
'''London whalers'''<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to look at the names of the independent or interloping London whalers, who competed in the 1650s with the "officially" sanctioned English Muscovy company. Scott, 1910: 73, suggests that there were 50 or 55 members of the Greenland company in the early 1650s, and an unspecified number of individual interlopers. He suggests that the interlopers posed as individuals, yet were in fact organised in small companies or partnerships.<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to compare the campaign of the whaling interlopers in the 1640s and the 1650s against the claimed monopoly rights of the Muscovy company with a similarly timed campaign by interlopers seeking to penetrate the East India trade. Non-conformism and a parliamentarian orientation had a role, it would appear, in both campaigns, though to what extent remains to be determined. East Indian interloping was complex, and should not be reductively associated with just one religious or political strand. Moreover, attitudes were labile in these changeable times.<br />
<br />
In the case of the whaling interlopers, Scott, 1910:73 has identifed "Edward Bushell & Co."as a recognised interloping company.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.73]</ref> Edward Bushell was also known for his involvement in the Portuguese, Brazilian and Barbados trade, in partnership with his brothers.<ref>Colin Greenstreet, unpublished paper, 2010, available from author</ref> He appears frequently in HCA records in the late 1640s and throughout the 1650s, often in the context of his involvement in the Portuguese Brazil company.<ref>For example: HCA 13/127, unfoliated: Case: XXXX: Answer: John & Edw:d Bushell on behalf of John Salmon: Date: June 26th 1655; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-15f816ae98a89a245d2ce02986e170c3de33f1d3|HCA 13/128, unfoliated: Allegation: Thomas Grant: Answers: Edward Bushell, Stephen White & John Crowder: Date: March 8th 1657]]</ref><br />
<br />
Edward Bushell, London merchant, was a partner of William Bird, London merchant. Both Bushell and Bird were dissenters, and both men had country residences in Hackney. However, Bushell's place of business being Little Saint Hellens, in the London parish of Saint Hellen's Bishopsgate, where he was recorded with eleven hearths in 1666.<ref>[[MRP: Hearth tax: London#fnref-50d3229265ba1e37418c1ae18f59679f939850da-289|London 1666 hearth tax returns]]. See also PROB 11/418 Box 1-45 Will of Edward Bushell, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 20 February 1694; PROB 11/444 Lort 45-91 Will of William Bird or Birde, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 26 March 1698</ref><br />
<br />
Assuming that Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay were long term partners of Richard Batson in whaling, then Batson and company, also had a dissenting and parliamentarian flavour. Humphrey Beane was a known dissenter, who was buried in Bunhill Fields, and Gowen Goldegay was involved in the Southwark militia.<br />
<br />
'''Richard Maundrie''' (alt. Maundrey or Manndery)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- CSG: Just possibly, Richard Maundrey was a mariner of Leigh, Essex. A Leigh resident of this name was recorded in a 1671 land transaction as the second son of John Mandry, a Leigh mariner.<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: D/DS 44/2: 3 July 1671]</ref> Furthermore, a John Maundrey, mariner, of Leigh, Essex, was recorded in the Essex session rolls of Michaelmas 1624 as being given a recognizance "for beating Richard Haddock's childe de Lee."<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: Q/SR 246/92; 11 September 1624]</ref> Speculatively, Richard Maundrey's putative father may have left a will proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1660, recording him as a mariner of Lee in the county of Essex.<ref>PROB 11/298: Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The Thames estuary town of Leigh (alt. Leigh-on-sea; Lee), together with the neighbouring Eastwood, was home in the early seventeenth century to a number of important mariner and merchant families.<ref>H.W.King, 'A sketch of the genealogy of the Purchas family', in Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, vol. 4 (Colchester, 1869), p. 169. The accompanying footnotes refer to Lawrence Moyer, mariner, whose grandson was Samuel Moyer, and whose family was subsequently connected to the Heathcotes; Robert Salman "a wealthy Merchant and Mariner, afterwards Master of the Trinity House", who died in 1641 and was buried in Leigh; William Goodlad of Leigh "Chief Commander of the Greenland Fleet" for twenty years, who was also Master of the Trinity House, and who died in 1639 and was buried in Leigh. "Ten or twelve of his family [Goodlad], all mariners, were contemporary with Purchas"; Captain Richard Haddock, a Master Mariner, who was a contemporary of Purchas; the maritime family of the Bonners at Leigh in the time of Purchas; Richard Harris of Leigh, an Elder Brother of Trinity House, who was buried at Leigh in 1628; the Hare family of Leigh, several of whom were mariners; Abraham Cocke of Limehouse, who had a disasterous expedition to the River Plate in the reign of Elizabeth; and Richard Chester, Esq., of Leigh, mariner, Elder Brother of the Trinity House, and Master of the Society in 1615, who was buried in 1632 in Leigh (Ibid, p.169)</ref> The town was located on north shore of the Thames estuary, just to the east of Benfleet and Canvey island, and about fifteen miles downstream of Tilbury and Gravesend. Samuel Purchas, author of the ''Pilgrimage'', was also a Leigh resident.<ref>Samuel Purchas, ''Purchase his Pilgrimage or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered from the Creation to this present, vol. 1, and Hakluytus Poshumus; or Puchas his Pilgrimes, containing the History of the World in Sea-Voyages, and Land Travels by Englishmen and others'', vols. 2-5 (5 vols, London, 1613-1625)</ref> For a profile of the town see [[MRP: Lee|Leigh (alias Lee), Essex]]<br />
<br />
- CSG: William Goodlad (b. c.1576, d. ?1639), was a resident of Leigh, where he was also buried. He had been active in the Greenland fisheries since at least 1620. Purchas (1625) printed a letter from Captain William Goodlard (sic), dated 8 July 1623, sent from Bell-sound (on Spitsbergen) to vice-admiral William Heley. The letter reported the capture of "three and thirtie" whales in the sound, a very superior result to that of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound in 1656.<ref>Purchas (1625 [1906]), vol. xiii, pp. 24–25; vol. xiv, pp. 106–7</ref> On his tombstone, awaiting the second coming of his saviour, he was described as "Capr. WILLIAM GOODLAD, Chiefe Commander of the Greenland Fleet XX [20] yeares, and Maister of the Trinity House in anno 1638"<br />
<br />
- CSG: It is plausible that other members of Leigh mariners families were involved in the Greenland fisheries, and it would merit research to see if any members of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound can definitely be linked to Leigh. In addition to the possible Maundry family connection, there is a possible Gostlin (alt. Gostling) family link, though this family name was more common in the C17th than that of Maundry.<ref>PROB 11/361 Will of Benjamine Gostlin, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 16 October 1679; King 125-176</ref><br />
<br />
- John Colvile, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure: "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)<br />
<br />
'''Richard Parker'''<br />
<br />
- Harpooner and boatswaine of the Owners Adventure<br />
<br />
- "''during such tyme as the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were at Sea after their comming out of the Ice as aforesayd on Richard Parker a harponeere and boat swaine of the Owners Adventure did fasten an Iron to a wale and the arlate humfreys fastened alsoe an other Iron to her and Gosling and Maundrie and other harponeeres made fast their boates to the sayd Parker and humfrey to helpe to tyre the whale with toweing, and after they had soe bin towed by her about twelve howers the sayd humfrey cut loose his warpe and hee and the sayd Gosling and Maundry and their boates Crews and the other harponeeres and their Crewes (all but the sayd Parker and his Crew) came aboard the Owners Adventure and left the sayd Parker fast to the whale and gave over the chase And the sayd Damerell askeing them why they came away being the sayd Parker continued fast to her whereto they answered that shee towed soe swiftly that they were not able to gett neere her to fasten any more Irons in her nor to lannce her ˹by reason˺ shee towed soe feircely and the sea was soe rough, and sayd shee could not bee killed or to that effect whereupon the sayd whale afterwards comming neere to the shipp side and Parker continueing fast to her the sayd Damerell asked the sayd Parker why hee did not cutt away alsoe, of to that effect whereupon the sayd Parker cutt away and came on board alsoe and lett the whale goe''" (HCA 13/71 f.500Av, f. 501r)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. (?John) Pybus''' (alt. Pibus)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
- Appleby identifies "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" (Appleby, 2008: 46). Appleby's source is HCA 13/71, ff.587r-588v. Pybus, by his own deposition, had served as master on five voyages to Spitsbergen and had been "master and harponeere" on an additional eleven voyages.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf John C. Appleby, 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p.46 and fn. 116]</ref><br />
<br />
- A certificate for protection from impress was issued on April 14, 1657 for "John Pibus, master, and 17 on the ''Damasell''"<ref>April 14 (1657). Protection from impress. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54509 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Warrants of the Protector and Council. ', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1656-7 (1883), pp. 580-588 ], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The forfeitures of a "John Pibus" were granted to the Duke of Ormond in 1661. The forfeitures were the consequence of his condemnation in the Admiralty Court for "having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces."<ref>Undated 1661. No. 8. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54683 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 47: Undated 1661', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1861), pp. 200-213.], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The Kent hearth tax returns of 1664 show "Highstreet West (chargeable)...Capt[ain] Thomas Pibus 6 hearths."<ref>[http://www.hearthtax.org.uk/communities/kent/kent_1664L_transcript.pdf Dunacn Harrington (ed.), Kent hearth tax assessment Lady Day 1664, CKS: Q/RTH (Online PDF, 1999], viewed 20/10/12</ref> Highstreet West is listed within East Greenwich in the 1664 Kent hearth tax returns. For selected names from the East Greenwich hearth tax data (merchants, mariners, and individuals who can be matched to surviving Prerogative Court of Canterbury inventories, see [[MRP: Hearth tax: Kent %26 Surrey#head-8a3da1e7cc5819a77aaa40cc8ab2162cc0a58d27|East Greenwich hearth tax, 1664]]<br />
<br />
- A "Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich" was recorded in 1666 in a communication in May 1666 between the Masters and Wardens of Trinity House and the Naval Commissioners as being master of the ''Sovereign''<ref>May 9, 166. Trinity House. Adm. Papers. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54839 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 155: May 1-11, 1666', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6 (1864), pp. 374-393], viewed 17/10/12</ref>.<br />
<br />
- Pybus is a name associated in the C16th and C17th with Yorkshire<br />
<br />
'''Edward Reynolds'''<br />
<br />
- Of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London<br />
<br />
- Cooper; Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question; aged fifty yeares<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Places===<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Bell Point and Bell Sound, from Edge's map, ca. 1611</u><ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_EXTRACT_Map_Edges_Greenland_ca1621_Travis_JT_1921_facp58_CSG_DL_IA_151012_copy.JPG|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Bell point''' (alt. "Bell Poynt") (HCA 13/71 f.463v, f. 469v, f.474v)<br />
<br />
- "''neere Bell Point''" (HCA 13/71 f.469v)<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Pointe in Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
'''Bell sound'''<br />
<br />
- "''"the shipp was gone too farr Northwards of the harbour of Bell sound''" (HCA 13/71 f.465r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellsund Bellsund]<br />
<br />
- See Appleby, 2008: 53-54, citing S.P. 16/65/61: Claim by English Muscovy Company that "Bell Sound was too small to support the whaling activities of different interests. Covering a region of about seven miles in breadth, and ten in length, between 30 and 40 well-manned shallops were "''sufficient to fish that Harbour if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many whales as if there were doble the Nomber of boats''""<br />
<br />
"''Bell Sound itself is a channel which runs far into the land; on the N. side is an island, which can be passed on two sides; opposite this island ther eis a creek in the land. It is a good spot for getting sea-horses, or walruses, which are there in large numbers. Our poeple have been 6 leagues uop this channel, where they found quanttities of seals in sweet water.''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/22/mode/2up Hessel Gerritszoon van Assum, 'Description of the new country, called by the Dutch Spitsbergen' (Amsterdam, 1613), in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1904), pp.23-24)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Blackwall'''<br />
<br />
- "''all which when it was boyled at Blackwall after the retourne home of the sayd shipps from the sayd voyage, amounted to eighteene Tonnes of oyle or thereabouts''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd shipps Owners Adventure and Greyhound returned home onely with as much bloober as made (when it was boyled at Blackwall) eighteene tonns and upwards of oyle and the finns of two whales''" /HCA 13/71 f.500Av)<br />
<br />
* CSG: Worth exploring what can be found about whale oil processing at Blackwall and Blackwall docks in 1650s<br />
<br />
- The English East India Company leased (1653), then sold (1655) the Blackwall docks to the shipwright Henry Johnson, who had been apprenticed to Phineas Pett, the Royal shipwright at Deptford<ref>'The Years of Expansion: Henry Johnson, senior, and Blackwall Yard, 1653–83', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46533'CHAPTER XIX - Blackwall Yard', Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Blackwall Yard: Development, to c.1819', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 553-565],viewed 15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- The Survey of London has provides some limited details of commercial and industrial activities in the mid to late C17th. Mention is made of a ropeyard on the west side of Blackwall Causeway, of several ship building and repair yards, a wharf and warehouses, but no whale processing activities are described.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46532 'Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Old Blackwall', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 548-552], viewed15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/image.aspx?compid=46532&filename=fig211.gif&pubid=369 Plan of Old Blackwall and Coldharbour, 1740]<br />
<br />
'''Darke Cove''' (HCA 13/71 f.477v)<br />
<br />
'''Greene harbour'''<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Sound or Greene harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nfjorden Grønfjorden]<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Spitzbergen and surrounding seas, from Augustus Petermann (1853)</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Sea_Of_Spitzbergen_Petermann_A_JRGSoc_1853_vol23_Betwp130_131_FreeJournal_CSG_DL_151012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Greeneland'''<br />
<br />
- "''at Greeneland the Ice doth usually open and shutt, and men that goe thither when great yeares of Ice are most watch their opportunitie to get into harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitsbergen]<br />
<br />
'''Hope islands''' (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''the backside of Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
'''Point Negro''' (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
- "''Point Negro being a Point to the Eastward beyond darke Cove''" (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
'''Port of Bell point'''<br />
<br />
'''the West Ice'''<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Damerell say that the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were designed first for the West Ice which is called commonly Greane land, and there to goe to the Coast of Greeneland to fish in any place according to his the sayd Damerells direction''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Ships===<br />
<br />
'''The Owners Adventure'''<br />
<br />
'''The Greyhound'''<br />
<br />
Four other '''"London shipps"'''<br />
<br />
- "(Thomas Damarell) ''hee knoweth the arlate Pybus ?Nelsy Child and Golding and saith they are all acconpted able sea men, and men that have used the Greeneland trade of fishing for many yeares, and accompted to bee well experienced therein''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
----<br />
==Themes==<br />
----<br />
===Arctic navigation and conditions===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-"''up to the 13th of June, the ice was this year still so firm along the coast and at the mouths of the ports that the ships could not enter; and the snow (which in some places never melts) had by then melted in so few places that the stags or deer could find no nourishment, and were as lean as sticks''" (p.25)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Pybus his shipp by her goeing into the Ice at the same tyme and place (though notsoe farr as the Owners Adventure did) was soe much damnified and hurt thereby and by breaking through the Ice againe to sea, that when shee was gott cleere to Sea she was ready to sinke by reason of a hole the Ice had staved in her bowe, at which shee tooke five or sixe feete water in hold, and her company were ready to forsake her had shee not ther had the helpe of the Companyes of the sayd Golding NelXh and Child their shipps, and of the Company of the Owners Adventure to helpe to pumpe her and stopp her leake''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''this deponent did observe thet the Ice did beate ˹and drive˺ soe against the Rudder of the Owneres Adventure as shee was while shee laye fast to the Ice before shee begann to worke out againe, that hee much feares it would have staved her Rudder''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''" (HCA 13/71 f.471r)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard some seamen who have used the sayd voyage, and alsoe the sayd Damerell himselfe sayd that some yeares they have had noe Ice in their passage to Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "''by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice without giving cost to their Companys the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Golding and Welches shipps by order of their masters made fast to the Ice and alsoe made fast one to an other lying board and board and the sayd Pybus and Child alsoe made fast their shipps to the Ice about a myle or two farther from shoare than the other fower shipps did and soe the sayd shipps all continued fast about fower and twenty howers and then the sayd Damerell commanded the Companyes of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound to loose their shipps from the Ice and also from the sayd Welch...''" (HCA 13/71 500Ar)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Economics===<br />
<br />
'''Revenue'''<br />
<br />
- "''the sd ship came & arrived at a place called Hope Iland as he hath heard & there the M:r & Comp:ie of her did get the blubber of some seahorse w:ch the fflemings had left ther as not thinking the same worth taking which sd blubber this rendent beleeveth was brought home in the sd ship to this rendent & Comp:ie the whole of whale blubber & horse blubber did amount unto 16. or 17. tonnes of course oyle and not above as he beleeveth & also about halfe a tonne of whale bone & not above as he beleeves all w:ch together w:th the charges of boyling custome & excise & other petty charges after the comming home therof deduced did extend to about 165:li or 170:li & noe more as he beleeveth''" ('Answer to fifth pretended position', HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Pybus Welch Golding and Child after since they came home from the voyage in question saye, that after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound they did light of an oportunity to gett into harbour and there made a good voyage and brought home good store of oyle and finns and soe much hee hath alsoe heard from divers of their Companyes''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
See Appleby, 2008: 55-56 for economic arguments by English Muscovy Company in 1654 for enforcement of monopoly whaling rights with a proposed joint stock.<br />
<br />
Independent whalers responded to the demand for joint stock by publishing ''The Heads of the Answer of several Adventurers to Greenland, To the claim of the Muscovia Company of the two Harbors of Bel-Sound and Hornsound'' (Appleby, 2008: 56, citing S.P. 18/65/67).<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that much of the published argument was based on material compiled by Edward Whittwell "who was representing the interests of independent traders in London" (citing C.S.P.D. 1653-54, 379-80, 392-3; C.S.P.D 1654, 16)<br />
<br />
A threat to the mutinous Gosling that he might have to pay the revenue lost as a result of his actions, Dammerell says to Gosling 'if the voyage were overthrowne by this his mutinous carriage and endeavoring publiquely to perswade and inclyne the shipps Company to bee disobedient to him this deponent in his commands touching the advance of the sayd voyage the losse that would ensue thereon would bee greater then hee the sayde Gosling or any of his relations were able to make good' - Laura<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Monopoly vs. free trade debate===<br />
<br />
Both the interlopers and the English Muscovy company resorted to petitioning parliament on occasion in the 1640s and 1650s to assert their economic positions.<br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 60. The case of the freemen adventurers for the fishing in Greenland, presented to Parliament</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.377]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 61. Arguments by Fras. Ashe, Governor of the Muscovy Company, to prove that several interests cannot conveniently fish for whales in one harbour, but that it would be beneficial if they fished in several harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 62. Reasons why several adventurers and stocks cannot fish whales together in one harbour, and why the great harbour of Bell Sound should be fished by a joint stock, being too large for particular adventurers.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
* "There are more losing than gaining voyages made, but once in 3 or 4 years the whales come in shoals, and then 300 or 400 tuns of oil are made more than can be brought home, and are left in the company's storehouses till next year"<br />
<br />
* "4. It will send all to the harbours already settled, and none will visit the 30 or 40 more harbours discovered, but where the company do not fish"<br />
<br />
<u>(Jan.31 (1654)) 65. Five propositions by Edw. Whitwell, for himself and others, for regulating and increasing the fishing in Greenland by free admission of all. [1 page.]</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 69. Reasons by Rich. Eccleston on behalf of the adventurers of Hull, why the Greenland trade should be free.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654)) 70. Arguments addressed to the Council for Trade by Thomas and Lancelot Anderson, Edw. Whitwell, and 3 others, for the free adventurers</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. ? (1654) 74. Petition of Fras. Ashe, Governor, and the Muscovy Company to the Protector.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.380]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 7 (1654) 18. Answers by Thos. Horth to the objections of the Muscovy company prefixed against his having 1/6 of the fishing</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.392]</ref><br />
<br />
* "3. That there can be more difficulty in the accounts than before, and he can prove that he is not insolvent, nor has purchased lands in his children's names, as several of the company have lately done, thus deceiving their just creditors; yet he has lost 30,000''l.'', 12,900 ''l.'' being within 18 months..."<br />
<br />
<u>Feb, 7. (1654) 19. Proposals made to the Protector by Edw. Whitwell and the Adventurers for Greenland in several stocks, concerning the late improvement by fishing in all the harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), pp.392-93]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 65. Notes of proceedings in the Committee on the Greenland trade. — 31 Jan., 7 Feb. and 24 Feb. 1654.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.419]</ref><br />
<br />
* "Urges therefore that no new adventurer of only 2 or 3 years' standing should now be admitted. London, Hull, and Yarmouth have at great cost and loss defended Bell Sound, Home Sound, Green Harbour, Cross<br />
Road, Mettle Bay, and Sir Thos. Smith's Bay, but the late intruders, Warner, Whitwell, &c, have for 2 years only sent into the company's harbours 2 or 3 small vessels, which not only refused to join them to keep out the French and Dutch, but brought in Dutch strangers to manage their stock and adventure, the consequences of which will be most dangerous to English navigation."<ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>(Feb. 24. (1654)) 66. I. Miles Corbet, by order of the Navy Committee, to Mr. Balines [M.P. for Yarmouth]. The Merchant Adventurers of London have petitioned that the Greenland trade will soon be lost by intrusion of the French, Dutch, and Biskeners, unless prevented by Parliament, who referred the petition to the Navy Committee</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 67. Reasons by Thos. Horth for furnishing the Greenland adventurers with a competent number of seamen, as they have to fight to defend the harbours, as well as to guard their ships, and must have 50 or 55 men on each ship, of whom 25 or 30 should be able seamen and the rest landsmen.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 68. Estimate of ships required to guard and fish in the English harbours in Greenland</u> <ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 69. List of the 55 present members of the Muscovy Company, adventurers for Greenland</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 70. List of 18 adventurers of Hull who join in the fishing.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
----<br />
===Trade and political rivalry===<br />
<br />
The Spitsbergen whale fisheries were fought over, commercially and physically, by the English, the Dutch, the French and the Spanish, amongst others (Appleby, 2008: 29-30, 33)<br />
<br />
By the early to mid C17th Appleby suggests that informal separate spheres of interest had been established, with the Dutch concentrating on the northern shores of the archipelago, and the English on "the bays and harbours of the south-west" (Appleby, 2008: 33)<br />
<br />
There was considerable rivalry between the English Muscovy company, which supposedly monopolised the Spitsbergen whale trade, and the English whalers of the port of Hull (Appleby (2008: 34)), and also the whalers of Yarmouth in Norfolk. Appleby suggests that Hull men were involved in the whale trade from an early date, rather than being latecomers, and had their own special islands and bays separate from the English Muscovy company (Appleby, 2008: 35, 37). The Yarmouth men claimed monopoly rights to supply Scottish customers with whale products.<br />
<br />
Hull interest in whaling dropped to nothing in the 1640s, though Hull claims to the trade were revived in the early 1650s, with a petition by independent traders to parliament in 1654, with attempt to gain access to Horn Sound and Bell Sound at Spitsbergen, which were considered comparatively ice free in the summer months (Appleby, 2008: 50-55)<br />
<br />
Attempt by English Muscovy company to perusade a newly appointed committe of the Council of Trade in early 1654 to restrict access to Bell Sound solely to the Muscovy Company, enforcing its claimed monopoly rights (Appleby, 2008: 53-55)<br />
<br />
''The underlying competition for access to the southern sounds and bays at Spitsbergen, an inherent characteristic of the trade since its earliest days, appears to have been intensified by the declining number of whales due to , particularly the onset of colder weather during the 1640s and beyond. Not only did this leave bays and harbours enveloped with ice for longer, cutting the hunting season, but also it may have contributed to increasing mortality among whales...According to the Company, even the "best Harbors make more loosing voyages than gayning, but once in 3,4, or 5 yeares the Whales Coming in plentifully by scoales."''<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 55, citing S.P. 18/65/62)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
The Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 caused severe disruption to English whalers in Spitsbergen, both independent and sent by the English Muscovy Company. "The evidence strongly suggests that the English struggled to send out more than a handful of vessels annually to Spitsbergen. By contrast, 70 Dutch ships were reportedly convoyed to Spitsbergen by three men-of-war during 1654.The following year between 24 and 50 French vessels apparently made 'great voyages' to the northern whaling grounds. In 1656 there seem to have been seven English ships at Spitsbergen, only one of which was from Hull...Although the Company's rights to the whaling trade were confirmed in January 1658, it was a hollow victory. By then the domestic market in England had been effectively captured by overseas competitors (Appleby, 2008: 57-58).<ref>Appleby cites C.S.P.D. 1657-58, 140-1, 161, 280, 343; Ashley, ''Financial and commercial policy'', 120; John C. Appleby. 'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), 36-7; [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 58, f.n. 169)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
----<br />
===Voyage and legal timeline, 1656 & 1657===<br />
<br />
'''April 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "(of the Greyhound) ''the sd ship sett sayle from Gravesend upon or about the fourteenth of Aprill 1656. & not before as they beleeve''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''June 1656'''<br />
<br />
<u>15th</u><br />
<br />
* "''hee heard the sayd Damerell on the fifteenth day of June 1656 command the Companye of the Owners Adventure to worke into the Ice with the other ffower shipps pr''e''deposed''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
<u>17th</u><br />
<br />
- "''heard him on the seaventeenth day commend the sayd Company to worke further into the Ice than the other fower shipps dud, both which commands hee saith the sayd Gosling and Maunfrie also heard and well understood" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "upon the 17th day of June aforesayd the sayd Gosling seeing and hearing the sayd Damerell command the sayd shipps Company to worke into the Ice than the other fower shipps did, the sayd Gosling ADD TEXT''" (HCA 13/71 ff.472r-472v)<br />
<br />
'''September 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "''y:e ship the Greyhound came back againe into the River of Thames & was here discharged upon or about the fowrteenth day of September 1656''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''December 1656'''<br />
<br />
Depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>18th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of John Ely (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>23rd</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of Thomas Damerell (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>29th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of John Colvile (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''January 1657'''<br />
<br />
Further depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>3rd</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of William Clarkson (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>16th</u><br />
<br />
The "personall Answeres of Richard Batson Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay Made to the Allegation apud Arla and Schedule given in on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others" (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
<u>29th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of Richard Kirton (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''February 1667'''<br />
<br />
<u>?8th</u><br />
<br />
"The personal Answeres of Richard Batson Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue made to the prsuance of an All:on given in ag:t him in behalfe of Edward Gosling & Richard Mandrye" (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
<u>13th</u><br />
<br />
"The psonall Answeres of Richard Batson made to the posicons of an All:on ag:t him on the behalfe of Edward Gosling in the Cause of wages" (HCA 13/128)<br />
----<br />
===Wages===<br />
<br />
HCA 13/128 contains further HCA suits relating to Batson con Gosling. They include a suit for wages, brought by Edward Gosling, the masters mate of the Owners Adventure, against Richard Batson. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
They also include a suit for wages brought by crew of the ''Greyhound'', the pinke which went with the ''Owners Adventure'' on the ill fated voyage to Spitsbergen in the summer of 1656. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
The suit brought by the crew of the Greyhound (described as "on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others") contains a schedule of wages which the defendants accept as that agreed at the hiring of the crew:<br />
<br />
"''they answere & beleeve all the parties allegate were hyred to serve in the vessell the Greyhound allegate by order of these rendents as they beleeve for the wages expressed in the schedule annexed to these rendents answeres and noe more as they beleeve for a fishing voiage to be made in the sd vessell for Greeneland''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>The Schedule</u><br />
<br />
The schedule menconed in the Answeres<br />
<br />
Henry ffreeman for twelve pounds whereof<br />
recd three pounds in money before he went<br />
out & fower shills & ten pence more unpon Cloathes<br />
soe in case he had pformed the voiage in Greenland<br />
as he might to have done there remaine<br />
<br />
8:li - 15 - 2<br />
<br />
John Burgen for fifteene pounds whereof recd<br />
three pounds before he went out & stwo shill and<br />
two oence upon cloathes so in case he had pformed<br />
his voiage to Greeneland as he ought tp have done<br />
there remaines<br />
<br />
11:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 10<br />
<br />
John Gold for five pounds wherof recd twenty<br />
shills, and one pound. two shills & six pence in cloaths<br />
so in case he had gone to Greenland and<br />
there pformed what he ought to have done there had<br />
remained<br />
<br />
2:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 6<br />
<br />
Nicholas Taylor at Thirty five shillings p<br />
moneth whereof recd before hee went out<br />
Thirty five shill and in cloathes Three shill<br />
fower pennce, and he was in the ship from the<br />
14:th of Aprill 1656; which is five moneths soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 16 - 8<br />
<br />
Thomas ffrost shipped at thirty nyne shills per<br />
moneth whereof recd one moneths pay before<br />
his foeing out & fifteene shills foure pence for cloathes<br />
& was in the ship the time aforesd, soe thre remaines<br />
in case he had pformed the voiage as he ought to<br />
have done<br />
<br />
7:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
John Clarke shipped at thirty Eight shill p moneth<br />
whereof recd one pound Eighteene shill before his goeing out & one pound two shill . eight pence for<br />
cloathe, & was in the ship the time aforesd soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 09 - 4<br />
<br />
Dennis Yarmouth shipped at thirty foure shill<br />
p moneth recd one pound fowerteene shills<br />
before his departure, & fifteene shill foure<br />
pence for cloathes & was in the shipp the<br />
tyme aforesd, soe there remaines in case<br />
hee had pformed his voiage as he ought<br />
<br />
6:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
RICHARD BATSON [His signature]<br />
H BEANE ?Esqr [His signature]<br />
GUW GOULEGAY (sic) [His signature]"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
Care needs to be taken when assessing mariners wages and incomes, given the prevalence of side deals, and also the opportunity for private trade. Whaling is no exception.<br />
<br />
In his personal answer to Edward Gosling's claim for wages, Richard Batson revealed an incentive scheme for harpooners, steersmen and rowers:<br />
<br />
"''he answereth & beleeveth that upon every ?thirteene tonne of oyle well made & boiled in Greenland & not otherwise as hee beleeveth there is out of every ?thirteene tonns of oile due to the harponiers stiersman & Rowers the sum of fifteene pounds & not above as he beleeveth & soe afte the same ppocon for a lesser quantity of tonnes but how the same was to be directed amongst them this rendent knoweth not''" (HCA 13/128: Answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
----<br />
==Depositions==<br />
<br />
===1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 18/12/1656<br />
<br />
'' "the sayd Damarell sawe some fish spoute among the Ice neere where the sayd shipp lay and cryed out to the Company a whale a whale and commanded the sayd Maundrey and Gosling and the rest of the harponeeres to manne their shallops and make after the sayd ffish which they did, and comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are; which the Company having discovered did not strike at the sayd fish..."''<ref>Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.464r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 29/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''did expect that the sayd Damarall the Master would have given order to have wrought the sayd shipp further into the Ice or at least made her fast to the Ice" ''<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.469r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''"<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 03/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===X. Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 23/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''hee knoweth of noe difference which happened betwixt the sayd Damerell and Gosling or Maundry save the difference and ill language by him this deponent before mentioned, which difference did (in this deponents Judgment) arise by the sayd Damerells wilfullnesse and rashnesse in desyring and Commanding his shipps company to worke the sayd shipp further into the Ice than other shipps would and did adventure, and by his provoaking the sayd Gosling with ill language as aforesayd''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Maundrie and Gosling and this deponent and others of the Company of the Owners Adventure did pursue the whale in this article mentioned, eight or tenn howers togeather, the sayd Gosling and one Richard Parker the Boatswaine of the Owners Adventure and ˹william humphrey˺ having as harponeeres stricken the sayd whale and fastned their warps, and the sayd whale notwithstanding ranne soe fast into a growne Sea and towed the boates who pursued her soe fast, that they were in danger to bee cast away by and to sheere under water by the swiftenesse of the whales motion, which was soe speedy that the shipp owners Adventure had much a doe with the helpe of a XXXX gale of winde to followe the shallopps or boates soe fast as the whale towed or runne with them, And hee saith that after the sayd shipps Company had soe longe persued the sayd whale and the sayd Goslings harpeing Iron breakeing out of the whale and the sayd Gosling having come about along thXXXX and not being able to fasten ˹his harpeing Iron˺ againe did take holde of other shallops and helpe them to hinder the whales motion, but all proveing ineffectual to the takeing of her by reason of the growne Sea ˹and the swiftnesse of the whale in question˺ the sayd Damerell seeing noe hopes of takeing the sayd whale, did call to the sayd Richard Packer and bidd him cut his warpe (which still continued fast to the whale) and come on board, And this deponent being one who rowed in the sayd Maundeys shallop or boate and helped to pursue the sayd whale, thereby well knoweth that the sayd Gosling Maundry and the rest of the sayd shipps Company who pursued the sayd whale did as much as possibly could bee done to kill the sayd whale, and did not in any thing disb disobey the Command of the sayd Damerell touching the pursuiXt and chase of ˹her˺ soe farr as this deponent could and did observe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471v</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Mr Beane did in the presence of the arlate Mr Batson and in the sayd Batsons Counteing house tender unto this deponent a paper which the sayd Batsons man brought ready written with the names of severall of the Owners Adventures Company subscribed thereto, which writeing did imparte ˹thus or the like in effect videlicet˺ that the refusall of the sayd shipps Company to obey the Commands of the sayd Damerall was the cause of the Overthrowe of the voyage in question, and the sayd Beane and Batson desyred this deponent to sett his hand to the sayd noat, and told him if hee would subscribe the same they would doe more for him this deponent than they had done for any other of the subscribers, but this deponen having perused and read some part of the sayd paper and knowing the contents thereof to bee false, refused to subscribe thereto''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth)had not promised to pay him his wages, hee woukd have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
- ''"did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage"''<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.479r</ref><br />
----<br />
===Deposition of Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question aged fifty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 01/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===6. Richard Kirton of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Overseer of the Landsmen in the XXXX XXXX XXXXX aged forty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made in 29/01/1656 (i.e. modern 1667)<br />
----<br />
==People linkage data==<br />
<br />
<u>Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, marriage register, 1640-1692</u>_<br />
<br />
'''Damerell''' (and variants)<br />
<br />
"1652. Aug. 14 William Damerell of Lymehouse, Marriner & Elizabeth Berwick. M."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Trinity House of Deptford</u><br />
<br />
"381. [Before 4 Feb. 1630] James Moyer, William Knight, Bence Johnson, Daniel Gatts and James Dammarell [to Trinity House. See 382.]<br />
<br />
Trinity House are asked to establish a consul in this port of Leghorn. The post being void and leaving no one to speak for them, 'our' nation is much slighted by the ministers of the duke [of Tuscany], and 'much exacted upon' to the prejudice of shipping coming to the port. Morgan Read is willing to accept the place, being honest and able, of good repute with the duke, with sufficient means, and much respected by shipmasters and merchants. He has promised to write to Trinity House about the post [380]."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63926 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 2: 1630', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 106-112], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
"228. [f.78v. ? Before 15 March 1625] Shipmasters and owners to Trinity House [See 229–30.]<br />
<br />
In 1617, the writers agreed to an imposition of £1,000 a year for 2 years to suppress Turkish pirates and to ensure more safety in trade and southern navigation. Trinity House promised that it would be levied for only 2 years. It has now continued for 4 years and double the agreed sum has been paid (namely £4,000), but they are still liable. Trinity House are requested to petition the duke of Buckingham to end the imposition. Bernard Motam, Thomas Browne, William Reickes, John Tomson, William Goodlard, John Hide, George Lissant, William Ball, Thomas Breadcake, James Ireland, Robert Tockly, Thomas Tomson, Humphrey Sallowes, William Craiford, John Wetherly, Edward Robertes, Thomas Davis, '''James Damarell''', Tristram Wise, John Badiley, John Miller, John Goodwyn, William Peirson, Thomas Nicholles, John Mote, John Lingwood, Robert Bence, Robert Swyer, John Wharey, Thomas Martin, Thomas Gibbes, Roger Twiddy, Anthony Tichen, William Knight, John Ewers, Daniel Cadman, Henry Tawton, Anthony Wood, James Moyer, John Dennis, George Bodham, John Jenken, Edmond Grove, Richard Cooper, William Bushell, John Gibbs, Richard Hooper, Edward Acworth, John Hemmens, Richard Rassell, Squier Bence, William Grove, Jeremy Cornellis, Thomas Nelmes, John Gibbens, George Browne, John Bence, John Mason, Matthew Barret, Richard Broomfeild, Peter Milborn, Roger Sherman, George Clarckson, John Swanton, Robert Bowers, Edward Gardener, William Eeles, Matthew Wood, Richard Chamlet, William Mellowe, Thomas Addison, Thomas Sherwyn, John Andrewes, Thomas Foarde, William West, William Hill, John Ellman, William Low, Christopher Dunn, Henry West, John Stafford, William Smith, John Lowe, Robert Williams, John Arnold, William Goose, Richard Cole, John Johnson, William Smith, Henry West, Thomas Battell, Henry Page, John Bundocke, John Graunt, Martin Errington, John Sayer, John Doves, John Norwood, James Peterson, John Arnold, John Low, William Greene, Thomas Chall, Robert Rypinge, Nicholas Bradshow, Jonas Pereman, Thomas Montinge."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63920 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 1: 1624-5', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 58-65.], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
==C17th and later maps==<br />
<br />
Edges’ map of "Greenland" (Spitzbergen), ca. 1611<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Petermann, Augustus, 'Map of the Sea of Spitzbergen', to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1797955.pdf?acceptTC=true Petermann, Augustus, Map of the Sea of Soitzbergen, to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
----<br />
===Primary sources===<br />
----<br />
====BL====<br />
<br />
'''Cotton MS Appendix LIX''': Title: James Hall, Account of the Danish expedition to Greenland, 2 May–10 August 1605, including ‘A tophigraphicall discription of the land as I did discover the same’ (7r–v) and ‘The forme and maner of the langage ussid amonges their savage people’ (English–Inuit glossary) (10r–v)<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/68''': Title: 68. Notes concerning the question between the Dutch and English touching the fishery upon the coast of Greenland. fo. 402.<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/69''': Title: 69. "The Humble Peticion and Remonstrance of the Fellowshippe of English Merchants for discovery of newe Trade's, concerning their priviledges, the supportinge of the Trade to Russia, and the Whale fishinge at Greeneland and in the Northern Seas... Date: Unspecified<br />
<br />
'''Sloane MS. 3986, ff. 78v, 79-79v''' (and others)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====IGI====<br />
<br />
<u>Selection of Damerell records, Stepney, 1630-1670</u><br />
<br />
Variants: Damerell, Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dameryll; Dumerill;<br />
<br />
Joanna Damerell; bap. 20 May 1650; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Andrew Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 18 May 1651<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Joanna Damerell, 20 May 1650; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
James Damerell; bap. 02 Aug 1651; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Thomas Damerell; mother: Judith<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), James Damerell, 02 Aug 1651; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
Elizabeth Damerell; bap. 29 Oct 1656; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: William Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 29 Sep 1657 <ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Elizabeth Damerell, 29 Oct 1656; citing reference, FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
Mary Damerell ; bap. 06 Oct 1667; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Henry Damerell; mother: Susan<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Mary Damerell, 06 Oct 1667; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
----<br />
====London Metropolitan Archives====<br />
<br />
<u>Saint Mary Magdalene, Bermondsey: Bermondsey Street, Southwark</u><br />
<br />
Register of baptisms, marriages and burials Volume P71/MMG/3 1603-1642 (microfilm X102/004)<br />
<br />
Register of baptisms, marriages and burials Volume P71/MMG/4 1653-1676 (microfilm X97/222)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====TNA====<br />
<br />
'''C''' (Chancery)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/125Pt1/24''' Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman. Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652.<br />
<br />
'''C 6/134/15''' Short title: Batson v Colvile. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne. Defendants: Robert Colvile, John Colvile and William Clarkson. Subject: money matters. Document type: answer only. 1657<br />
<br />
- CSG: There is a very good chance that the above Chancery case involves two of the three partners of Richard Batson and Company and two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others"<br />
<br />
- CSG: Gowen Goldagne (and variants of that name) is mentioned in HCA 13/71 f.479r; there is also a mention of "Mr. Covell" (one of the owners of the Owners Adventure) (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
Two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others" are William Clarkson (Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex, Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine), and John Colville (Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/136/169''' Short title: Watkins v Merchants of London. Plaintiffs: Mary Watkins widow. Defendants: Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies [East India Company] and Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, London, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657<br />
----<br />
'''E''' (Exchequer)<br />
<br />
'''E 178/5525''': NORFOLK: Yarmouth Certificate as to the accounts of the profits of a voyage to Greenland (Hoarth v. Attorney-General and Lady Slingsby). 9 Chas. I.<br />
<br />
'''E 134/8&9Chas1/Hil5''': Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth (Norfolk), merchant. v. William Noy (Attorney-General), Dame Margaret Slingsby, widow.: Grant by Letters Patent by Chas. 1. to Nath. Edwards of the privilege of fishing and the "setting out ships for the getting of fish and making of oils in Greenland for the furnishing of Scotland with that commodity," assigned by Edwards to the plaintiff. Touching the detention of plaintiff's ships at Great Yarmouth by the water bailiff, &c., &c.: Norfolk. 8 & 9 Chas 1<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''HCA''' (High Court of Admiralty)<br />
<br />
'''HCA 13/128'''<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656 (modern 1657)]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-5933812a00d3bda4ac6eec3c6c312f8c8b80164a|Allegation: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue (als. Goldeye): Date: Feb ?8th 1656]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-327a88fee2bc48d8911dc233747ff50a9997d516|Case: XXXX: Personal answeres: Edward Goslin & XXX XXXXXX: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
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'''PROB''' (Prerogative Court of Canterbury)<br />
<br />
'''PROB 4/10611''': Inventory; Serjent, Thomas, of Barking, London, ob. in Greenland, batcheler: 1675 1 Oct.<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/160/460''': Will of James Damerell, Mariner of Stepney, Middlesex; 24 October 1631<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/269/534''': Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London; 14 November 1657<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/297/85''': Will of Elias Ely, Mariner of Saint Thomas Hospital, Surrey; 21 March 1660<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/298''': Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/362''': Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey; 14 January 1680; Bath 1-59<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/373/446''': Will of William Clarkson, Shipwright of Romford, Essex; 18 August 1683<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/424''': Will of Richard Batson, Cutler; June 16th 1667; Carr 59-116 CHECK REFERENCE<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/461/57''': Will of John Ely, Mariner of Stepney, Middlese; 01 July 1701<br />
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'''PROB 11/524/234''': Will of John Pybus, Mariner of East Greenwich, Kent; 02 November 1711<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/5/78''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/6/3''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
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'''PROB 36/2''': Name of deceased: Hull, Rachel Stepney, Middx Case title and other data: Damerell con Baker; 1674<br />
<br />
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'''SP''' (State Papers)<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/60''': The Case of many Freemen of England that have adventured and desire to adventure, to fish in Greenland (petition to parliament, January 1654)<br />
<br />
- See Appeby, 2008: 51<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/61-67''':Collection of papers relating to whaling cited by Appleby, 2008<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 5''': Order of the Council for Trade that for this year Bell Sound and Horn Sound shall be reserved for the Company of Merchant Adventurers to Greenland and the rest of the harbours left free for all other Englishmen. Copy. 1650/1 Mar. 3<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 8-12''': The proceedings at the Council for Trade, between the Muscovia Company, Monopolizers of the trade of Greenland, and others, Adventurers thither, for a Free Trade: Printed: [1651]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 15-16''': Petition of the Muscovia Company Adventurers to Greenland stating that their right to the sole fishing in Bell Sound and Horn Sound, Greenland, had been infringed and asking the Council to resolve the matter. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 17-18 ''': Reasons why the Muscovia Company should have priority in, if not the whole of, the fishing in Greenland: Copy. 1651/2 Jan.<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 19-20 ''': The names of the Adventurers in the present joint stock for Greenland. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 23-24''': Description of the present state of the Greenland fishing and the methods employed, and conclusions drawn therefrom [by the Muscovia Company]. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 141''': Petition to the Committee for Foreign Affairs by Thomas Horth asking that no decision should be taken on the suggestions of the Greenland Company until his answers thereto have been considered. (Enclosure at f.145): [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 143-144''': Answers of Thomas Horth to the claims of the Greenland Company. 1649 Dec. 31<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 145''': Answer, given to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, by Thomas Horth in reply to the Muscovia or Greenland Company: (Enclosure to f.141). [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/272''': Placaet ende Verbodt. Forbidding the export of fishing and whaling equipment The Hague, Hillebrant van Wouw, 1665 (in Dutch language)<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/326''': Placcaet. Forbidding navigation and whaling in and around Greenland in 1673 The Hague, Jacobus Scheltus, 1673 (in Dutch language)<br />
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<br />
====Printed====<br />
<br />
Pelham, Edward, ''God's Power and Providence'' (?London, 1631)<br />
<br />
- Account of first English wintering in Spitsbergen in 1630-31<br />
<br />
de La Peyrère, Isaac, ''Histoire du Groenland'' (XXXX, XXXX)<br />
<br />
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===Secondary sources===<br />
<br />
Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', ''HMAP Asia Project Paper'', no. 161, October 2009<ref>[http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp161.pdf Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', HMAP Asia Project Paper, no. 161, October 2009)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Appleby, John C.,'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), pp. 29-49<br />
<br />
Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', ''The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord'', XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Bourne, Arthur G., 'Exploitation of the Small Whales in the North Atlantic', Oryx / Volume8 / Issue03 / December 1965, pp 185-193; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300004531 (About DOI), Published online: 24 April 2009<br />
<br />
Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Toolika Rastogi, Moira W Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654, 10.1139/z04-146], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Brito, Cristina, 'Medieval and Early Modern Whaling in Portugal', Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2011, pp. 287-300(14)<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Brito, Cristina, 'Medieval and Early Modern Whaling in Portugal', Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2011, pp. 287-300(14)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, ''The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex'' (Private printing, 1899)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n5/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/n7/mode/2up Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)], Internet Archive, viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''No man's land: a history of Spitzbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country'' (Cambridge, 1906)<br />
<br />
Hacquebord, Louwrens, 'Three 17th century whaling stations in southeastern Svalbard: an archaeological missing link', ''Polar Record'', 24 (1988), pp. ?-?<br />
<br />
van Holk, A.G.F. (ed.), ''Early European exploitation of the Northern Atlantic 800-1700'' (Groningen, 1981)<br />
<br />
Jackson, Gordon, ''The British whaling trade'' (London, 1978)<br />
<br />
Jenkins, James Travis, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n7/mode/2up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Ch. 1: A history of the whale fisheries (pp.11-38)<br />
Ch. 2: The economics of whaling (pp.39-58)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, ''The Arctic: a history'' (Stroud, 1994)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, 'Bowhead whaling in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during the 18th and 19th Centuries', ''Polar Record'' / Volume23 / Issue144 / September 1986, pp 289-299; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400007117 (About DOI), Published online: 27 October 2009<br />
<br />
White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/collectionofdocu00whitrich#page/n7/mode/2up White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)], viewed 15/10/12</ref></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=C17th_Arctic_whaling&diff=78435C17th Arctic whaling2012-10-20T16:56:30Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''C17th Arctic whaling'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
'''15/10/12''': CSG created page<br />
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'''Purpose of this page'''<br />
<br />
This week (W/C 15/10/12) Jill's, Colin's and William's teams are working on a case involving a failed whaling adventure to the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 1656 ("'''Batson against Goslin and others'''")<br />
<br />
We plan to publish a blog article on the case, placing it in a broader context of the whaling fisheries off Spitsbergen (alt. Spitzbergen) in the 1650s. (The first thing to note is that C17th "Greeneland" is what we now call "Spitsbergen")<br />
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Jill, Colin and William would like to encourage their team members to use this page to share quotes, and to explore places, people and activities mentioned in the pages they are transcribing<br />
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__TOC__<br />
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==Suggested links==<br />
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==Mentioned in case==<br />
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===Animals and technology===<br />
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[[File:WP_Fax_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574.png|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
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'''Boyler'''<br />
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'''Cape whale'''<br />
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- The two whales captured by the Owners Adventure in 1656 are described as "cape whales" (HCA 13/128, no foliation)<br />
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'''Furnace'''<br />
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- "''this rendent beleeveth that the Dutch & ffrench having their ships usually fitted with furnaces & other materialls in their ships, & not being prmitted to have the freedome of harbors there, in Greeneland fish at sea but this rendent beleeveth that the use with the English is the contrary''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX; HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041]], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Jubartas'''<br />
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- "''comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are''" (HCA 13/71 f.464r)<br />
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'''Launce'''<br />
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- After a whale had been exhausted from a pursuit by its hunters in multiple shallops, the hunters approached the whale on the surface and struck it with lances<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 26)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Pinke'''<br />
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- "''did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.479r)<br />
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'''Right whale'''<br />
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- The species favoured off Spitsbergen by early C17th whalers of all European nations, given that it was calm, slow moving, and floated when dead.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 24)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Sea horse''' (?walrus)<br />
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- "(on Hope Island) ''the dutch having killed about a hundred sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
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- "''about twenty butts of blubber of sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
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-"''A little further inland we find sea-horses, as the English call them, sea-cows, as the French say, and sea-elephants, as we could say, for they resemble these almost in size of body, and on account of the great teeth they have in their mouth.<br />
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They have much fat from which to make grease, but the skin, although it is enormously thick, and has been found to weigh here 400lb., is worth very little, because it is too full of blisters. But the teeth are worth all the more, being estimated of greater value than ivory''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/28/mode/2up Hessel Gerritszoon van Assum, 'Description of the new country, called by the Dutch Spitsbergen' (Amsterdam, 1613), in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1904), p.28)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Shallop''' (small boat)<br />
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[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_Whale_Boat_off_Eden_NSW_Towed_By_Whale_AusGeog_DL_CSG_191012.JPG|thumbnail|400px|right]]<br />
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Small boats were used by Europeans when whaling in Arctic waters from the C16th onwards into the early C20th.<br />
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Below is a small whaling boat from the southern hemisphere, near Eden, New South Wales, in the early C20th.<ref>Original caption for unedited larger iamge: 'Fabled killer whale (Orcinus orca) named Old Tom swims alongside a whaling boat being towed by a harpooned whale', [http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/legendary-killer-whales-of-eden.htm Australian Geographic, June 6, 2012, online], viewed 19/10/12</ref> The design may well differ from the mid-C17th English shallops, but the crew size matches the deponents descriptions of a harpooner, four rowers, and a steersman.<br />
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<u>Question</u><br />
<br />
Laura: In the deposition I am working on the deponent states that he and his company:<br />
<br />
"''did put out their boates and worke the sayd shipps in to the Ice about eight or ˹seven˺ leagues as did alsoe fower other English shipps which were then in Company with the Owners Adventure and Greyhound, and after the sayd shipps had all sixe of them wrought soe farr into the Ice, the Ice then proving to bee somewhat thick this deponent ordered his Companyes of his two vessells...to make fast too great Ice peeces of Ice and lash their vessells fast board and board to the shipps of Mr Golding and Mr Welch being two of the other fower English shipps aforesayd, who had alsoe cause their Companys to make fast their too shipps to the same peece of ice and the sayd shipps being soe fastened, they all laye there for some tyme then when the Ice would open as usually it doth''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
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I was wondering how the above idea of 'working into the ice' works? Does anyone know? Would the ships/boats just have tried to ram through the ice with their prows, or would the sailors have used special technology/techniques? Laura<br />
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<u>Answer</u><br />
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Colin: The above description suggests that the sailing ships were led or towed through the broken ice field by crew from the ships rowing in the five or six shallops which were part of the whaling ship's equipment. Shallopps could be hauled across ice, assisted by planks and oars, if the ice became too thick, but not the larger sailing ships. Presumably the crewmen in the shallops, when leading the sailing ships, used oars and planks to fend off floating ice. There are accounts in the 1H C17th of Dutch ships being crushed in the ice off Spitsbergen and Mauritius island (in the north-west of Spitsbergen, where the Dutch settlement of Smerenburg was located:<br />
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"''In the evening we rowed out in the shallop, in order to see whether there was nothing to be got, proceeding some distance in the West Bay, until we could get no further on account of the ice, when we climbed high up on the mountains, and could — strange to say — see no ice outside the bay ; but in the bay itself and in the N. all was ice. Upon our return we found our passage cut off and entirely ice-bound, so that we had with great difficulty to drag our shallop through and over it. We were almost resolved to haul our shallop on to some ice-floes, which were fast to the ground some seven or eight fathoms deep, and betake ourselves to land across the ice-floes by means of planks and oars.''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/162/mode/2up 'Van der Brugge's Journal, 1634' in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English voyages to Spitsbergen in the seventeenth century (London, 1904), p. 163)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Train oil''' (alt. Trane; Traine; Traen; Oile; Oyle; Oyl)<br />
<br />
From the Dutch "traen", referring to "tears." Train oil was a certain type of oil produced from certain parts of processed whales, and used for lighting. References can be found in other HCA documents to "Traine Oyle", for example:<br />
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"''"y:e said Grove did Lade on board y:e said Ship at Newfound Land about six hogsheads of Traine Oyle, w:ch was there stowed inn the Lazaretto or y:e fore?peeke of the said Ship, and there Continued untill it was unladen at Nevis''" (HCA 13/73 Part Two)<br />
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===Crews===<br />
<br />
Appleby, writing of the Hull whalers in the early C17th, states that:<br />
<br />
"''unfortunately the men who served aboard these vessels, who formed part of the first generation of English whalemen, are almost invisible. Little evidence survives for the manning of, or recruitment to, Hull whaling ships; nor is much known about conditions of work, discipline and pay.''" (Appleby, 2008: 45)<br />
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Appleby also states that little is known about the Hull and York merchants who promoted and financed the whaling trade in the early C17th (Appleby, 2008: 46-47)<br />
<br />
* CSG: We have an opportunity to use the case and depositions of Batson against Goslin and others to elucidate the social character and organisation of a London financed whaling adventure from the mid-1650s, at a time when English whaling off Spitsbergen was in disarray, facing exceptionally strong competition from the Dutch (and to a lesser extent the French)<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that Hull whaling masters may previously have served on similar voyages as mates and harpooners, and cites "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the ''Adventure'' of Hull in 1656" who "had served under other masters on five previous voyages to Spitsbergen, and as "Master & harponeere" on another eleven" (Appleby, 2008: 46), Appleby's primary source for this is our very own HCA 13/71, and "Mr. Pybus" is one of the four other whaling captains of "London shipps" mentioned by the deponents in ''Batson against Goslin and others.''<br />
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Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, he suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men. Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)<br />
<br />
* CSG: It will be interesting to compare the wages and structure of wages stated in related HCA 13/128 litigation brought by Richard Gosling, Henry ffreeman and others against Batson et al., with Appleby's data.<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
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===People===<br />
<br />
<u>J. Segersz, van der Brugge's "Journael," 1635, 'dic op Spitsbergen Overwintert zijn', p. 31</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Conway_M_Early_Voyages_Spitsbergen_1904_betw_p136_p137_IA_CSG_DL_191012.JPG|thumbnail|500px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Ashmore'''<br />
<br />
'''Richard Batson'''<br />
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- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r).<br />
<br />
- Appears in other archival records sometimes as "Battison" (Batson & Company; Battison and Company).<br />
<br />
- Richard Batison and Company's interest in the Greenland fisheries may have been a substantial one, in terms both of capital commitment and activity. He was certainly active in sending out whaling ships prior to 1656. Moreover, he employed men with extensive experience of the trade. For example, Robert Kirton, hired as overseer of the land men, stated in his deposition that he had "gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland."<ref>HCA 13/71 f.501r</ref> However, is unclear whether Humphrey Beane and Gowen Gold(e)gay, his partners in the 1656 adventure involving the Owners' Adventure and the Greyhound, were long term partners in this trade.<br />
<br />
When the Yarmouth merchant and whaler, Thomas Horth (alt. Howarth), proposed in ?1654 that English merchants should supply 3000 tons and 500 men for the Greenland fisheries, he pencilled in 200 tons for "Battison and partners." A further 300 tons were suggested for Whitwell and partners, 500 tons for unnamed Yarmouth merchants, and 1600 tons for unnamed London merchants.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.74, and more generally pp. 69-75]</ref> When certificates of exemption from the impress of harpooners and steersmen were issued in early 1654 a specific protection was issued Richard Batson and Company for fourteen harpooners.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/lastofmayflower00harriala#page/68/mode/2up Rendell Harris, The last of the 'Mayflower' (Manchester, 1920), p.69], citing CSPD, p.434, vol. i., 206,247: vol. i, 19, 22</ref><br />
<br />
- There is some evidence to suggest that Richard Batson was attracted to capital intensive, process oriented industrial activities, with a Richard Batson, merchant, and a partner and fellow merchant, Edmond Lewin, acquiring a glass house in Goodman's Yard, the Minories, in 1651. As always, with prosopographical resconstruction, it is hard to be certain that all the identities are congruent.<ref>[http://www.cbrain.mistral.co.uk/minories.htm 'Minories or Goodman's Yard Glass House', web article], viewed 17/10712]</ref><br />
<br />
- The Batson of HCA 13/71 may be Richard Batson, citizen and cutler (b. ?, d. ca. 1667), whose daughter married John Bendish, son of Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador to Constantinople (a friend of Sir George Oxenden).<ref>Possible will [[MRP: Richard Batson will|PROB 11/424 Carr 59-116, Will of Richard Batson, Cutler, June 16th 1667]]</ref> J.R. Woodhead (1966) provides a sketchy outline of Richard Batson, the cutler.<ref>'Batson, Richard', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s43 J.R. Woodhead, 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Humfrey Beane'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Probably Humphrey (alt. Humfry) Beane (b. ?1613, d. 1679/80), of Ebisham (alt. Epsom), Surrey. J. R. Woodhead characterises him as a cordwainer, available at the Turkey Walk on the Exchange. A dissenter, he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Woodhead, drawing on CHW Mander (1931:82n.), states that Humphrey Beane had "great interest in Greenland whale fisheries."<ref>'Beane, Humphrey' in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s51 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 28/04/12); CHW Mander, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Guild of Cordwainers of the City of London (1931), p 82 n; PROB 11/362 Bath 1-59 Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey 14 January 1680</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The daughter and heiress of Humphrey Beane, cordwainer, Elizabeth, married by 1667 (Sir) John Parsons (b.1639, d.1717) of Well Close Square, Ratcliffe, Middlesex, and the Priory, Reigate. Humphrey Beane's residence is given by Cruickshank ''et al.'' (XXXX), as "of Sr. Mary Axe, London, and Epsom, Surr."<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B_92tjio4vIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=beane+cordwainer&source=bl&ots=GN_m4aD-m-&sig=L_KE-xEPqnaFNMlPUx3XUtyIbrA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4J9UNf-PMKS0QWh24Bo&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=beane%20cordwainer&f=false Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley (eds.), The House of Commons, 1690-1715, vol. 5., members O-Z (Cambridge, XXXX), p.105], viewed 16/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mathew Boulding''' (alt. Bowlding)<br />
<br />
- Harpooneere (HCA 13/71 f.485v)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Chantry''' (alt. Chantrie)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. Child'''<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
'''William Clarkson'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex<br />
<br />
- Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine<br />
<br />
'''John Colville'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''hee was Gunner of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question, and hath not commenced any action ag''ains''t the Interrogate Batson Beane and Golderne or any of them for wayges for t{he} voyage ˹in question˺ nor intendeth to commence any unlesse hee bee enforced thereunto by their uniust dealeings in denying to pay him what is due to him''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
'''Thomas Damerell'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Master of Owners Adventure, and "commander, director and orderer of the Greyhound" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Lymehouse, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex; aged 37 in December 1656, so b. ca. 1619 (one year before Sir George Oxenden (b.1620, d. 1669))<br />
<br />
- Damerell is a name which shows considerable orthographical variation, and subsequent further variation through probable mistranscription, for example: Damerell; Damarall; Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell;Dameryll; Dumerill<br />
<br />
- A number of male and female Damerells (and name variants) appear in the records of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney, in the 1630 to 1670 period, including children born to a Thomas Damerell.<br />
<br />
- Several of the male Stepney Damerells are identified as mariners of Limehouse. Probate was granted in October 1631 to Rachel Damerell, wife of James Damerell, of Limehouse, in the parish of Stepney, who was identified as mariner "deceased abroad."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/yearbooksofproba01cantuoft#page/78/mode/2up 'Will (106 St. John), probate Oct. 24 1631' in John Mathews, George F. Mathews (eds.), Abstracts of probate acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (London, 1902), p. 78], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref> The marriage of a William Damerell, "marriner", of Lymehouse, Stepney, appears in the printed marriage records the parish of Saint Dunstan's in the month of August 1652.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- A "Thomas Damarell" is listed in a September 1650 petition to the Naval Commisioners as a mariner on the ''Adventure'', under the command of Captain Wyard.<ref>Reference states: Also Vol. XI., No. 34. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54366 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Volume 11: September 1650', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1650 (1876), pp. 320-365.]</ref><br />
<br />
- Casual inspection of varied records suggests that "Damerell" may be a Devon name<br />
<br />
'''John Ely'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, county of Surrey, aged 28 in late 1656<br />
<br />
'''Maurice ffoarde'''<br />
<br />
- Criticised by Thomas Damarell in his deposition, for allegedly giving false testimony in favour of Batson ''et al.'' in return for payment of his wages. Damarell deposed that:<br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth) had not promised to pay him his wages, hee would have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<br />
<br />
'''Henry ffreeman'''<br />
<br />
- Shipped on the Greyhound<br />
<br />
- Lead name in wages suit against Batson ''et al'' on behalf of crew of the Greyhound (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Golding''' (alt. Goulding)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling shipp (described as one of four London ships, whose masters were Pybus, Golding, XXXX, and Child)<br />
<br />
'''Gowen ?Golderne''' (alt. Goldagne; Goldegay; Goldgay)<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Possibly Gowen Goldegay. Gowen Goldegay (b. ?1614, d. ca. 1657), of Whitefriars, City of London. 'Mr. Gowen Goldegay,' was appointed to 'a Committee for the Militia, of and within the Borough of Southwarke, and Parts adjacent within the Lines of Communication, on the South Side of the River of Thames, in the County of Surrey' in September 1647.<ref>Gowen Goldingay: Christening 04 Dec 1614 St Giles Cripplegate, London: Father: Edward Goldingay, IGI; PROB 11/269 Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London 14 November 1657 Ruthen 411-461, pp. 1-5</ref><br />
<br />
'''Edward Gosling''' (alt. Goslin)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath knowne the sayd Goslin for these sixe or seaven yeares and gone in severall shipps with him severall voyages wherein the sayd Goslin hath served as Masters mate and observed that in all these voyages he behaved himselfe civilly and was carefull of his task committed to him and was reputed an able and experienced seaman and a man of good life and conversation''" (HCA 13/71 f.467r: Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v: Deposition of John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''after the comming out of the Ice the sayd Gosling Maundrie Humphreys and others harponeeres had difference with the Master and refused to obey his Command about helpeing to kill the whale aforesayd''" (HCA 13/71 f.497r)<br />
<br />
Edward Gosling was not an unknown quantity to Richard Batson, having been on several past voyages on behalf of Batson & Company:<br />
<br />
"''he beleeveth y:e sd Gosling did goe to Greeneland on severall voiages for this rendent 1ne Comp:ie''"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
<br />
Moreover, Batson clearly knew Gosling personally:<br />
<br />
"''after such time as the sd ship arlate arrived at Blackwall this rendent did give the sd Gosling a Cup of beere at London & tould him when the ship was discharged he would talke further with him about the voiage in question or to that effect''"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
<br />
'''Gosling's 'mutinous mammer'.''' There is quite a good passage describing Gosling's refusal to obey orders from f. 480r: Dammerel says of Gosling that he 'did in a mutinous mammer saye thus or the like in effect wee (meaning him selfe and the rest of the Company of the Owners Adventure) will goe noe further, and speaking to this deponent sayde wee will see ye hanged before wee will goe any further with such a roague and a foole' - Laura<br />
<br />
<br />
'''William Humfrey'''<br />
<br />
- Member of company of Owners Adventure and harpooner<br />
<br />
<u>Detail of Smerenburg land station of the Noordsche Compagnie on Amsterdamøya Island, off northwest coast of West-Spitsbergen, Cornelis de Man, 1639</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_De_Man_Cornelis_Smerenburg_1639_WiMed_CSG_DL_161012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Richard Kirton'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''[Richard Kirton] Overseer of the Land men of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound the voyage in question and was by his office to Oversee the land men of both the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound that they did their office and duty in cutting up and boyleing and orderring of such whales as should bee taken the sayd voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- "''"hee [Richard Kirton] having gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland knoweth that some of those voyages there hath bin little or noe Ice at all upon the Coast and therefore lesse danger than was the voyage in question''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
'''London whalers'''<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to look at the names of the independent or interloping London whalers, who competed in the 1650s with the "officially" sanctioned English Muscovy company. Scott, 1910: 73, suggests that there were 50 or 55 members of the Greenland company in the early 1650s, and an unspecified number of individual interlopers. He suggests that the interlopers posed as individuals, yet were in fact organised in small companies or partnerships.<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to compare the campaign of the whaling interlopers in the 1640s and the 1650s against the claimed monopoly rights of the Muscovy company with a similarly timed campaign by interlopers seeking to penetrate the East India trade. Non-conformism and a parliamentarian orientation had a role, it would appear, in both campaigns, though to what extent remains to be determined. East Indian interloping was complex, and should not be reductively associated with just one religious or political strand. Moreover, attitudes were labile in these changeable times.<br />
<br />
In the case of the whaling interlopers, Scott, 1910:73 has identifed "Edward Bushell & Co."as a recognised interloping company.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.73]</ref> Edward Bushell was also known for his involvement in the Portuguese, Brazilian and Barbados trade, in partnership with his brothers.<ref>Colin Greenstreet, unpublished paper, 2010, available from author</ref> He appears frequently in HCA records in the late 1640s and throughout the 1650s, often in the context of his involvement in the Portuguese Brazil company.<ref>For example: HCA 13/127, unfoliated: Case: XXXX: Answer: John & Edw:d Bushell on behalf of John Salmon: Date: June 26th 1655; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-15f816ae98a89a245d2ce02986e170c3de33f1d3|HCA 13/128, unfoliated: Allegation: Thomas Grant: Answers: Edward Bushell, Stephen White & John Crowder: Date: March 8th 1657]]</ref><br />
<br />
Edward Bushell, London merchant, was a partner of William Bird, London merchant. Both Bushell and Bird were dissenters, and both men had country residences in Hackney. However, Bushell's place of business being Little Saint Hellens, in the London parish of Saint Hellen's Bishopsgate, where he was recorded with eleven hearths in 1666.<ref>[[MRP: Hearth tax: London#fnref-50d3229265ba1e37418c1ae18f59679f939850da-289|London 1666 hearth tax returns]]. See also PROB 11/418 Box 1-45 Will of Edward Bushell, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 20 February 1694; PROB 11/444 Lort 45-91 Will of William Bird or Birde, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 26 March 1698</ref><br />
<br />
Assuming that Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay were long term partners of Richard Batson in whaling, then Batson and company, also had a dissenting and parliamentarian flavour. Humphrey Beane was a known dissenter, who was buried in Bunhill Fields, and Gowen Goldegay was involved in the Southwark militia.<br />
<br />
'''Richard Maundrie''' (alt. Maundrey or Manndery)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- CSG: Just possibly, Richard Maundrey was a mariner of Leigh, Essex. A Leigh resident of this name was recorded in a 1671 land transaction as the second son of John Mandry, a Leigh mariner.<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: D/DS 44/2: 3 July 1671]</ref> Furthermore, a John Maundrey, mariner, of Leigh, Essex, was recorded in the Essex session rolls of Michaelmas 1624 as being given a recognizance "for beating Richard Haddock's childe de Lee."<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: Q/SR 246/92; 11 September 1624]</ref> Speculatively, Richard Maundrey's putative father may have left a will proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1660, recording him as a mariner of Lee in the county of Essex.<ref>PROB 11/298: Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The Thames estuary town of Leigh (alt. Leigh-on-sea; Lee), together with the neighbouring Eastwood, was home in the early seventeenth century to a number of important mariner and merchant families.<ref>H.W.King, 'A sketch of the genealogy of the Purchas family', in Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, vol. 4 (Colchester, 1869), p. 169. The accompanying footnotes refer to Lawrence Moyer, mariner, whose grandson was Samuel Moyer, and whose family was subsequently connected to the Heathcotes; Robert Salman "a wealthy Merchant and Mariner, afterwards Master of the Trinity House", who died in 1641 and was buried in Leigh; William Goodlad of Leigh "Chief Commander of the Greenland Fleet" for twenty years, who was also Master of the Trinity House, and who died in 1639 and was buried in Leigh. "Ten or twelve of his family [Goodlad], all mariners, were contemporary with Purchas"; Captain Richard Haddock, a Master Mariner, who was a contemporary of Purchas; the maritime family of the Bonners at Leigh in the time of Purchas; Richard Harris of Leigh, an Elder Brother of Trinity House, who was buried at Leigh in 1628; the Hare family of Leigh, several of whom were mariners; Abraham Cocke of Limehouse, who had a disasterous expedition to the River Plate in the reign of Elizabeth; and Richard Chester, Esq., of Leigh, mariner, Elder Brother of the Trinity House, and Master of the Society in 1615, who was buried in 1632 in Leigh (Ibid, p.169)</ref> The town was located on north shore of the Thames estuary, just to the east of Benfleet and Canvey island, and about fifteen miles downstream of Tilbury and Gravesend. Samuel Purchas, author of the ''Pilgrimage'', was also a Leigh resident.<ref>Samuel Purchas, ''Purchase his Pilgrimage or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered from the Creation to this present, vol. 1, and Hakluytus Poshumus; or Puchas his Pilgrimes, containing the History of the World in Sea-Voyages, and Land Travels by Englishmen and others'', vols. 2-5 (5 vols, London, 1613-1625)</ref> For a profile of the town see [[MRP: Lee|Leigh (alias Lee), Essex]]<br />
<br />
- CSG: William Goodlad (b. c.1576, d. ?1639), was a resident of Leigh, where he was also buried. He had been active in the Greenland fisheries since at least 1620. Purchas (1625) printed a letter from Captain William Goodlard (sic), dated 8 July 1623, sent from Bell-sound (on Spitsbergen) to vice-admiral William Heley. The letter reported the capture of "three and thirtie" whales in the sound, a very superior result to that of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound in 1656.<ref>Purchas (1625 [1906]), vol. xiii, pp. 24–25; vol. xiv, pp. 106–7</ref> On his tombstone, awaiting the second coming of his saviour, he was described as "Capr. WILLIAM GOODLAD, Chiefe Commander of the Greenland Fleet XX [20] yeares, and Maister of the Trinity House in anno 1638"<br />
<br />
- CSG: It is plausible that other members of Leigh mariners families were involved in the Greenland fisheries, and it would merit research to see if any members of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound can definitely be linked to Leigh. In addition to the possible Maundry family connection, there is a possible Gostlin (alt. Gostling) family link, though this family name was more common in the C17th than that of Maundry.<ref>PROB 11/361 Will of Benjamine Gostlin, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 16 October 1679; King 125-176</ref><br />
<br />
- John Colvile, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure: "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)<br />
<br />
'''Richard Parker'''<br />
<br />
- Harpooner and boatswaine of the Owners Adventure<br />
<br />
- "''during such tyme as the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were at Sea after their comming out of the Ice as aforesayd on Richard Parker a harponeere and boat swaine of the Owners Adventure did fasten an Iron to a wale and the arlate humfreys fastened alsoe an other Iron to her and Gosling and Maundrie and other harponeeres made fast their boates to the sayd Parker and humfrey to helpe to tyre the whale with toweing, and after they had soe bin towed by her about twelve howers the sayd humfrey cut loose his warpe and hee and the sayd Gosling and Maundry and their boates Crews and the other harponeeres and their Crewes (all but the sayd Parker and his Crew) came aboard the Owners Adventure and left the sayd Parker fast to the whale and gave over the chase And the sayd Damerell askeing them why they came away being the sayd Parker continued fast to her whereto they answered that shee towed soe swiftly that they were not able to gett neere her to fasten any more Irons in her nor to lannce her ˹by reason˺ shee towed soe feircely and the sea was soe rough, and sayd shee could not bee killed or to that effect whereupon the sayd whale afterwards comming neere to the shipp side and Parker continueing fast to her the sayd Damerell asked the sayd Parker why hee did not cutt away alsoe, of to that effect whereupon the sayd Parker cutt away and came on board alsoe and lett the whale goe''" (HCA 13/71 f.500Av, f. 501r)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. (?John) Pybus''' (alt. Pibus)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
- Appleby identifies "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" (Appleby, 2008: 46). Appleby's source is HCA 13/71, ff.587r-588v. Pybus, by his own deposition, had served as master on five voyages to Spitsbergen and had been "master and harponeere" on an additional eleven voyages.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf John C. Appleby, 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p.46 and fn. 116]</ref><br />
<br />
- A certificate for protection from impress was issued on April 14, 1657 for "John Pibus, master, and 17 on the ''Damasell''"<ref>April 14 (1657). Protection from impress. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54509 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Warrants of the Protector and Council. ', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1656-7 (1883), pp. 580-588 ], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The forfeitures of a "John Pibus" were granted to the Duke of Ormond in 1661. The forfeitures were the consequence of his condemnation in the Admiralty Court for "having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces."<ref>Undated 1661. No. 8. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54683 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 47: Undated 1661', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1861), pp. 200-213.], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The Kent hearth tax returns of 1664 show "Highstreet West (chargeable)...Capt[ain] Thomas Pibus 6 hearths."<ref>[http://www.hearthtax.org.uk/communities/kent/kent_1664L_transcript.pdf Dunacn Harrington (ed.), Kent hearth tax assessment Lady Day 1664, CKS: Q/RTH (Online PDF, 1999], viewed 20/10/12</ref> Highstreet West is listed within East Greenwich in the 1664 Kent hearth tax returns. For selected names from the East Greenwich hearth tax data (merchants, mariners, and individuals who can be matched to surviving Prerogative Court of Canterbury inventories, see [[MRP: Hearth tax: Kent %26 Surrey#head-8a3da1e7cc5819a77aaa40cc8ab2162cc0a58d27|East Greenwich hearth tax, 1664]]<br />
<br />
- A "Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich" was recorded in 1666 in a communication in May 1666 between the Masters and Wardens of Trinity House and the Naval Commissioners as being master of the ''Sovereign''<ref>May 9, 166. Trinity House. Adm. Papers. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54839 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 155: May 1-11, 1666', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6 (1864), pp. 374-393], viewed 17/10/12</ref>.<br />
<br />
- Pybus is a name associated in the C16th and C17th with Yorkshire<br />
<br />
'''Edward Reynolds'''<br />
<br />
- Of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London<br />
<br />
- Cooper; Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question; aged fifty yeares<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Places===<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Bell Point and Bell Sound, from Edge's map, ca. 1611</u><ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_EXTRACT_Map_Edges_Greenland_ca1621_Travis_JT_1921_facp58_CSG_DL_IA_151012_copy.JPG|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Bell point''' (alt. "Bell Poynt") (HCA 13/71 f.463v, f. 469v, f.474v)<br />
<br />
- "''neere Bell Point''" (HCA 13/71 f.469v)<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Pointe in Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
'''Bell sound'''<br />
<br />
- "''"the shipp was gone too farr Northwards of the harbour of Bell sound''" (HCA 13/71 f.465r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellsund Bellsund]<br />
<br />
- See Appleby, 2008: 53-54, citing S.P. 16/65/61: Claim by English Muscovy Company that "Bell Sound was too small to support the whaling activities of different interests. Covering a region of about seven miles in breadth, and ten in length, between 30 and 40 well-manned shallops were "''sufficient to fish that Harbour if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many whales as if there were doble the Nomber of boats''""<br />
<br />
"''Bell Sound itself is a channel which runs far into the land; on the N. side is an island, which can be passed on two sides; opposite this island ther eis a creek in the land. It is a good spot for getting sea-horses, or walruses, which are there in large numbers. Our poeple have been 6 leagues uop this channel, where they found quanttities of seals in sweet water.''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/22/mode/2up Hessel Gerritszoon van Assum, 'Description of the new country, called by the Dutch Spitsbergen' (Amsterdam, 1613), in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1904), pp.23-24)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Blackwall'''<br />
<br />
- "''all which when it was boyled at Blackwall after the retourne home of the sayd shipps from the sayd voyage, amounted to eighteene Tonnes of oyle or thereabouts''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd shipps Owners Adventure and Greyhound returned home onely with as much bloober as made (when it was boyled at Blackwall) eighteene tonns and upwards of oyle and the finns of two whales''" /HCA 13/71 f.500Av)<br />
<br />
* CSG: Worth exploring what can be found about whale oil processing at Blackwall and Blackwall docks in 1650s<br />
<br />
- The English East India Company leased (1653), then sold (1655) the Blackwall docks to the shipwright Henry Johnson, who had been apprenticed to Phineas Pett, the Royal shipwright at Deptford<ref>'The Years of Expansion: Henry Johnson, senior, and Blackwall Yard, 1653–83', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46533'CHAPTER XIX - Blackwall Yard', Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Blackwall Yard: Development, to c.1819', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 553-565],viewed 15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- The Survey of London has provides some limited details of commercial and industrial activities in the mid to late C17th. Mention is made of a ropeyard on the west side of Blackwall Causeway, of several ship building and repair yards, a wharf and warehouses, but no whale processing activities are described.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46532 'Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Old Blackwall', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 548-552], viewed15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/image.aspx?compid=46532&filename=fig211.gif&pubid=369 Plan of Old Blackwall and Coldharbour, 1740]<br />
<br />
'''Darke Cove''' (HCA 13/71 f.477v)<br />
<br />
'''Greene harbour'''<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Sound or Greene harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nfjorden Grønfjorden]<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Spitzbergen and surrounding seas, from Augustus Petermann (1853)</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Sea_Of_Spitzbergen_Petermann_A_JRGSoc_1853_vol23_Betwp130_131_FreeJournal_CSG_DL_151012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Greeneland'''<br />
<br />
- "''at Greeneland the Ice doth usually open and shutt, and men that goe thither when great yeares of Ice are most watch their opportunitie to get into harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitsbergen]<br />
<br />
'''Hope islands''' (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''the backside of Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
'''Point Negro''' (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
- "''Point Negro being a Point to the Eastward beyond darke Cove''" (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
'''Port of Bell point'''<br />
<br />
'''the West Ice'''<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Damerell say that the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were designed first for the West Ice which is called commonly Greane land, and there to goe to the Coast of Greeneland to fish in any place according to his the sayd Damerells direction''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Ships===<br />
<br />
'''The Owners Adventure'''<br />
<br />
'''The Greyhound'''<br />
<br />
Four other '''"London shipps"'''<br />
<br />
- "(Thomas Damarell) ''hee knoweth the arlate Pybus ?Nelsy Child and Golding and saith they are all acconpted able sea men, and men that have used the Greeneland trade of fishing for many yeares, and accompted to bee well experienced therein''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
----<br />
==Themes==<br />
----<br />
===Arctic navigation and conditions===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-"''up to the 13th of June, the ice was this year still so firm along the coast and at the mouths of the ports that the ships could not enter; and the snow (which in some places never melts) had by then melted in so few places that the stags or deer could find no nourishment, and were as lean as sticks''" (p.25)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Pybus his shipp by her goeing into the Ice at the same tyme and place (though notsoe farr as the Owners Adventure did) was soe much damnified and hurt thereby and by breaking through the Ice againe to sea, that when shee was gott cleere to Sea she was ready to sinke by reason of a hole the Ice had staved in her bowe, at which shee tooke five or sixe feete water in hold, and her company were ready to forsake her had shee not ther had the helpe of the Companyes of the sayd Golding NelXh and Child their shipps, and of the Company of the Owners Adventure to helpe to pumpe her and stopp her leake''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''this deponent did observe thet the Ice did beate ˹and drive˺ soe against the Rudder of the Owneres Adventure as shee was while shee laye fast to the Ice before shee begann to worke out againe, that hee much feares it would have staved her Rudder''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''" (HCA 13/71 f.471r)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard some seamen who have used the sayd voyage, and alsoe the sayd Damerell himselfe sayd that some yeares they have had noe Ice in their passage to Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "''by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice without giving cost to their Companys the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Golding and Welches shipps by order of their masters made fast to the Ice and alsoe made fast one to an other lying board and board and the sayd Pybus and Child alsoe made fast their shipps to the Ice about a myle or two farther from shoare than the other fower shipps did and soe the sayd shipps all continued fast about fower and twenty howers and then the sayd Damerell commanded the Companyes of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound to loose their shipps from the Ice and also from the sayd Welch...''" (HCA 13/71 500Ar)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Economics===<br />
<br />
'''Revenue'''<br />
<br />
- "''the sd ship came & arrived at a place called Hope Iland as he hath heard & there the M:r & Comp:ie of her did get the blubber of some seahorse w:ch the fflemings had left ther as not thinking the same worth taking which sd blubber this rendent beleeveth was brought home in the sd ship to this rendent & Comp:ie the whole of whale blubber & horse blubber did amount unto 16. or 17. tonnes of course oyle and not above as he beleeveth & also about halfe a tonne of whale bone & not above as he beleeves all w:ch together w:th the charges of boyling custome & excise & other petty charges after the comming home therof deduced did extend to about 165:li or 170:li & noe more as he beleeveth''" ('Answer to fifth pretended position', HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Pybus Welch Golding and Child after since they came home from the voyage in question saye, that after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound they did light of an oportunity to gett into harbour and there made a good voyage and brought home good store of oyle and finns and soe much hee hath alsoe heard from divers of their Companyes''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
See Appleby, 2008: 55-56 for economic arguments by English Muscovy Company in 1654 for enforcement of monopoly whaling rights with a proposed joint stock.<br />
<br />
Independent whalers responded to the demand for joint stock by publishing ''The Heads of the Answer of several Adventurers to Greenland, To the claim of the Muscovia Company of the two Harbors of Bel-Sound and Hornsound'' (Appleby, 2008: 56, citing S.P. 18/65/67).<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that much of the published argument was based on material compiled by Edward Whittwell "who was representing the interests of independent traders in London" (citing C.S.P.D. 1653-54, 379-80, 392-3; C.S.P.D 1654, 16)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Monopoly vs. free trade debate===<br />
<br />
Both the interlopers and the English Muscovy company resorted to petitioning parliament on occasion in the 1640s and 1650s to assert their economic positions.<br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 60. The case of the freemen adventurers for the fishing in Greenland, presented to Parliament</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.377]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 61. Arguments by Fras. Ashe, Governor of the Muscovy Company, to prove that several interests cannot conveniently fish for whales in one harbour, but that it would be beneficial if they fished in several harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 62. Reasons why several adventurers and stocks cannot fish whales together in one harbour, and why the great harbour of Bell Sound should be fished by a joint stock, being too large for particular adventurers.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
* "There are more losing than gaining voyages made, but once in 3 or 4 years the whales come in shoals, and then 300 or 400 tuns of oil are made more than can be brought home, and are left in the company's storehouses till next year"<br />
<br />
* "4. It will send all to the harbours already settled, and none will visit the 30 or 40 more harbours discovered, but where the company do not fish"<br />
<br />
<u>(Jan.31 (1654)) 65. Five propositions by Edw. Whitwell, for himself and others, for regulating and increasing the fishing in Greenland by free admission of all. [1 page.]</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 69. Reasons by Rich. Eccleston on behalf of the adventurers of Hull, why the Greenland trade should be free.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654)) 70. Arguments addressed to the Council for Trade by Thomas and Lancelot Anderson, Edw. Whitwell, and 3 others, for the free adventurers</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. ? (1654) 74. Petition of Fras. Ashe, Governor, and the Muscovy Company to the Protector.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.380]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 7 (1654) 18. Answers by Thos. Horth to the objections of the Muscovy company prefixed against his having 1/6 of the fishing</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.392]</ref><br />
<br />
* "3. That there can be more difficulty in the accounts than before, and he can prove that he is not insolvent, nor has purchased lands in his children's names, as several of the company have lately done, thus deceiving their just creditors; yet he has lost 30,000''l.'', 12,900 ''l.'' being within 18 months..."<br />
<br />
<u>Feb, 7. (1654) 19. Proposals made to the Protector by Edw. Whitwell and the Adventurers for Greenland in several stocks, concerning the late improvement by fishing in all the harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), pp.392-93]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 65. Notes of proceedings in the Committee on the Greenland trade. — 31 Jan., 7 Feb. and 24 Feb. 1654.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.419]</ref><br />
<br />
* "Urges therefore that no new adventurer of only 2 or 3 years' standing should now be admitted. London, Hull, and Yarmouth have at great cost and loss defended Bell Sound, Home Sound, Green Harbour, Cross<br />
Road, Mettle Bay, and Sir Thos. Smith's Bay, but the late intruders, Warner, Whitwell, &c, have for 2 years only sent into the company's harbours 2 or 3 small vessels, which not only refused to join them to keep out the French and Dutch, but brought in Dutch strangers to manage their stock and adventure, the consequences of which will be most dangerous to English navigation."<ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>(Feb. 24. (1654)) 66. I. Miles Corbet, by order of the Navy Committee, to Mr. Balines [M.P. for Yarmouth]. The Merchant Adventurers of London have petitioned that the Greenland trade will soon be lost by intrusion of the French, Dutch, and Biskeners, unless prevented by Parliament, who referred the petition to the Navy Committee</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 67. Reasons by Thos. Horth for furnishing the Greenland adventurers with a competent number of seamen, as they have to fight to defend the harbours, as well as to guard their ships, and must have 50 or 55 men on each ship, of whom 25 or 30 should be able seamen and the rest landsmen.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 68. Estimate of ships required to guard and fish in the English harbours in Greenland</u> <ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 69. List of the 55 present members of the Muscovy Company, adventurers for Greenland</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 70. List of 18 adventurers of Hull who join in the fishing.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
----<br />
===Trade and political rivalry===<br />
<br />
The Spitsbergen whale fisheries were fought over, commercially and physically, by the English, the Dutch, the French and the Spanish, amongst others (Appleby, 2008: 29-30, 33)<br />
<br />
By the early to mid C17th Appleby suggests that informal separate spheres of interest had been established, with the Dutch concentrating on the northern shores of the archipelago, and the English on "the bays and harbours of the south-west" (Appleby, 2008: 33)<br />
<br />
There was considerable rivalry between the English Muscovy company, which supposedly monopolised the Spitsbergen whale trade, and the English whalers of the port of Hull (Appleby (2008: 34)), and also the whalers of Yarmouth in Norfolk. Appleby suggests that Hull men were involved in the whale trade from an early date, rather than being latecomers, and had their own special islands and bays separate from the English Muscovy company (Appleby, 2008: 35, 37). The Yarmouth men claimed monopoly rights to supply Scottish customers with whale products.<br />
<br />
Hull interest in whaling dropped to nothing in the 1640s, though Hull claims to the trade were revived in the early 1650s, with a petition by independent traders to parliament in 1654, with attempt to gain access to Horn Sound and Bell Sound at Spitsbergen, which were considered comparatively ice free in the summer months (Appleby, 2008: 50-55)<br />
<br />
Attempt by English Muscovy company to perusade a newly appointed committe of the Council of Trade in early 1654 to restrict access to Bell Sound solely to the Muscovy Company, enforcing its claimed monopoly rights (Appleby, 2008: 53-55)<br />
<br />
''The underlying competition for access to the southern sounds and bays at Spitsbergen, an inherent characteristic of the trade since its earliest days, appears to have been intensified by the declining number of whales due to , particularly the onset of colder weather during the 1640s and beyond. Not only did this leave bays and harbours enveloped with ice for longer, cutting the hunting season, but also it may have contributed to increasing mortality among whales...According to the Company, even the "best Harbors make more loosing voyages than gayning, but once in 3,4, or 5 yeares the Whales Coming in plentifully by scoales."''<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 55, citing S.P. 18/65/62)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
The Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 caused severe disruption to English whalers in Spitsbergen, both independent and sent by the English Muscovy Company. "The evidence strongly suggests that the English struggled to send out more than a handful of vessels annually to Spitsbergen. By contrast, 70 Dutch ships were reportedly convoyed to Spitsbergen by three men-of-war during 1654.The following year between 24 and 50 French vessels apparently made 'great voyages' to the northern whaling grounds. In 1656 there seem to have been seven English ships at Spitsbergen, only one of which was from Hull...Although the Company's rights to the whaling trade were confirmed in January 1658, it was a hollow victory. By then the domestic market in England had been effectively captured by overseas competitors (Appleby, 2008: 57-58).<ref>Appleby cites C.S.P.D. 1657-58, 140-1, 161, 280, 343; Ashley, ''Financial and commercial policy'', 120; John C. Appleby. 'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), 36-7; [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 58, f.n. 169)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
----<br />
===Voyage and legal timeline, 1656 & 1657===<br />
<br />
'''April 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "(of the Greyhound) ''the sd ship sett sayle from Gravesend upon or about the fourteenth of Aprill 1656. & not before as they beleeve''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''June 1656'''<br />
<br />
<u>15th</u><br />
<br />
* "''hee heard the sayd Damerell on the fifteenth day of June 1656 command the Companye of the Owners Adventure to worke into the Ice with the other ffower shipps pr''e''deposed''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
<u>17th</u><br />
<br />
- "''heard him on the seaventeenth day commend the sayd Company to worke further into the Ice than the other fower shipps dud, both which commands hee saith the sayd Gosling and Maunfrie also heard and well understood" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "upon the 17th day of June aforesayd the sayd Gosling seeing and hearing the sayd Damerell command the sayd shipps Company to worke into the Ice than the other fower shipps did, the sayd Gosling ADD TEXT''" (HCA 13/71 ff.472r-472v)<br />
<br />
'''September 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "''y:e ship the Greyhound came back againe into the River of Thames & was here discharged upon or about the fowrteenth day of September 1656''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''December 1656'''<br />
<br />
Depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>18th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of John Ely (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>23rd</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of Thomas Damerell (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>29th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of John Colvile (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''January 1657'''<br />
<br />
Further depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>3rd</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of William Clarkson (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>16th</u><br />
<br />
The "personall Answeres of Richard Batson Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay Made to the Allegation apud Arla and Schedule given in on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others" (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
<u>29th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of Richard Kirton (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''February 1667'''<br />
<br />
<u>?8th</u><br />
<br />
"The personal Answeres of Richard Batson Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue made to the prsuance of an All:on given in ag:t him in behalfe of Edward Gosling & Richard Mandrye" (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
<u>13th</u><br />
<br />
"The psonall Answeres of Richard Batson made to the posicons of an All:on ag:t him on the behalfe of Edward Gosling in the Cause of wages" (HCA 13/128)<br />
----<br />
===Wages===<br />
<br />
HCA 13/128 contains further HCA suits relating to Batson con Gosling. They include a suit for wages, brought by Edward Gosling, the masters mate of the Owners Adventure, against Richard Batson. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
They also include a suit for wages brought by crew of the ''Greyhound'', the pinke which went with the ''Owners Adventure'' on the ill fated voyage to Spitsbergen in the summer of 1656. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
The suit brought by the crew of the Greyhound (described as "on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others") contains a schedule of wages which the defendants accept as that agreed at the hiring of the crew:<br />
<br />
"''they answere & beleeve all the parties allegate were hyred to serve in the vessell the Greyhound allegate by order of these rendents as they beleeve for the wages expressed in the schedule annexed to these rendents answeres and noe more as they beleeve for a fishing voiage to be made in the sd vessell for Greeneland''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>The Schedule</u><br />
<br />
The schedule menconed in the Answeres<br />
<br />
Henry ffreeman for twelve pounds whereof<br />
recd three pounds in money before he went<br />
out & fower shills & ten pence more unpon Cloathes<br />
soe in case he had pformed the voiage in Greenland<br />
as he might to have done there remaine<br />
<br />
8:li - 15 - 2<br />
<br />
John Burgen for fifteene pounds whereof recd<br />
three pounds before he went out & stwo shill and<br />
two oence upon cloathes so in case he had pformed<br />
his voiage to Greeneland as he ought tp have done<br />
there remaines<br />
<br />
11:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 10<br />
<br />
John Gold for five pounds wherof recd twenty<br />
shills, and one pound. two shills & six pence in cloaths<br />
so in case he had gone to Greenland and<br />
there pformed what he ought to have done there had<br />
remained<br />
<br />
2:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 6<br />
<br />
Nicholas Taylor at Thirty five shillings p<br />
moneth whereof recd before hee went out<br />
Thirty five shill and in cloathes Three shill<br />
fower pennce, and he was in the ship from the<br />
14:th of Aprill 1656; which is five moneths soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 16 - 8<br />
<br />
Thomas ffrost shipped at thirty nyne shills per<br />
moneth whereof recd one moneths pay before<br />
his foeing out & fifteene shills foure pence for cloathes<br />
& was in the ship the time aforesd, soe thre remaines<br />
in case he had pformed the voiage as he ought to<br />
have done<br />
<br />
7:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
John Clarke shipped at thirty Eight shill p moneth<br />
whereof recd one pound Eighteene shill before his goeing out & one pound two shill . eight pence for<br />
cloathe, & was in the ship the time aforesd soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 09 - 4<br />
<br />
Dennis Yarmouth shipped at thirty foure shill<br />
p moneth recd one pound fowerteene shills<br />
before his departure, & fifteene shill foure<br />
pence for cloathes & was in the shipp the<br />
tyme aforesd, soe there remaines in case<br />
hee had pformed his voiage as he ought<br />
<br />
6:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
RICHARD BATSON [His signature]<br />
H BEANE ?Esqr [His signature]<br />
GUW GOULEGAY (sic) [His signature]"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
Care needs to be taken when assessing mariners wages and incomes, given the prevalence of side deals, and also the opportunity for private trade. Whaling is no exception.<br />
<br />
In his personal answer to Edward Gosling's claim for wages, Richard Batson revealed an incentive scheme for harpooners, steersmen and rowers:<br />
<br />
"''he answereth & beleeveth that upon every ?thirteene tonne of oyle well made & boiled in Greenland & not otherwise as hee beleeveth there is out of every ?thirteene tonns of oile due to the harponiers stiersman & Rowers the sum of fifteene pounds & not above as he beleeveth & soe afte the same ppocon for a lesser quantity of tonnes but how the same was to be directed amongst them this rendent knoweth not''" (HCA 13/128: Answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
----<br />
==Depositions==<br />
<br />
===1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 18/12/1656<br />
<br />
'' "the sayd Damarell sawe some fish spoute among the Ice neere where the sayd shipp lay and cryed out to the Company a whale a whale and commanded the sayd Maundrey and Gosling and the rest of the harponeeres to manne their shallops and make after the sayd ffish which they did, and comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are; which the Company having discovered did not strike at the sayd fish..."''<ref>Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.464r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 29/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''did expect that the sayd Damarall the Master would have given order to have wrought the sayd shipp further into the Ice or at least made her fast to the Ice" ''<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.469r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''"<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 03/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===X. Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 23/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''hee knoweth of noe difference which happened betwixt the sayd Damerell and Gosling or Maundry save the difference and ill language by him this deponent before mentioned, which difference did (in this deponents Judgment) arise by the sayd Damerells wilfullnesse and rashnesse in desyring and Commanding his shipps company to worke the sayd shipp further into the Ice than other shipps would and did adventure, and by his provoaking the sayd Gosling with ill language as aforesayd''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Maundrie and Gosling and this deponent and others of the Company of the Owners Adventure did pursue the whale in this article mentioned, eight or tenn howers togeather, the sayd Gosling and one Richard Parker the Boatswaine of the Owners Adventure and ˹william humphrey˺ having as harponeeres stricken the sayd whale and fastned their warps, and the sayd whale notwithstanding ranne soe fast into a growne Sea and towed the boates who pursued her soe fast, that they were in danger to bee cast away by and to sheere under water by the swiftenesse of the whales motion, which was soe speedy that the shipp owners Adventure had much a doe with the helpe of a XXXX gale of winde to followe the shallopps or boates soe fast as the whale towed or runne with them, And hee saith that after the sayd shipps Company had soe longe persued the sayd whale and the sayd Goslings harpeing Iron breakeing out of the whale and the sayd Gosling having come about along thXXXX and not being able to fasten ˹his harpeing Iron˺ againe did take holde of other shallops and helpe them to hinder the whales motion, but all proveing ineffectual to the takeing of her by reason of the growne Sea ˹and the swiftnesse of the whale in question˺ the sayd Damerell seeing noe hopes of takeing the sayd whale, did call to the sayd Richard Packer and bidd him cut his warpe (which still continued fast to the whale) and come on board, And this deponent being one who rowed in the sayd Maundeys shallop or boate and helped to pursue the sayd whale, thereby well knoweth that the sayd Gosling Maundry and the rest of the sayd shipps Company who pursued the sayd whale did as much as possibly could bee done to kill the sayd whale, and did not in any thing disb disobey the Command of the sayd Damerell touching the pursuiXt and chase of ˹her˺ soe farr as this deponent could and did observe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471v</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Mr Beane did in the presence of the arlate Mr Batson and in the sayd Batsons Counteing house tender unto this deponent a paper which the sayd Batsons man brought ready written with the names of severall of the Owners Adventures Company subscribed thereto, which writeing did imparte ˹thus or the like in effect videlicet˺ that the refusall of the sayd shipps Company to obey the Commands of the sayd Damerall was the cause of the Overthrowe of the voyage in question, and the sayd Beane and Batson desyred this deponent to sett his hand to the sayd noat, and told him if hee would subscribe the same they would doe more for him this deponent than they had done for any other of the subscribers, but this deponen having perused and read some part of the sayd paper and knowing the contents thereof to bee false, refused to subscribe thereto''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth)had not promised to pay him his wages, hee woukd have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
- ''"did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage"''<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.479r</ref><br />
----<br />
===Deposition of Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question aged fifty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 01/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===6. Richard Kirton of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Overseer of the Landsmen in the XXXX XXXX XXXXX aged forty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made in 29/01/1656 (i.e. modern 1667)<br />
----<br />
==People linkage data==<br />
<br />
<u>Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, marriage register, 1640-1692</u>_<br />
<br />
'''Damerell''' (and variants)<br />
<br />
"1652. Aug. 14 William Damerell of Lymehouse, Marriner & Elizabeth Berwick. M."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Trinity House of Deptford</u><br />
<br />
"381. [Before 4 Feb. 1630] James Moyer, William Knight, Bence Johnson, Daniel Gatts and James Dammarell [to Trinity House. See 382.]<br />
<br />
Trinity House are asked to establish a consul in this port of Leghorn. The post being void and leaving no one to speak for them, 'our' nation is much slighted by the ministers of the duke [of Tuscany], and 'much exacted upon' to the prejudice of shipping coming to the port. Morgan Read is willing to accept the place, being honest and able, of good repute with the duke, with sufficient means, and much respected by shipmasters and merchants. He has promised to write to Trinity House about the post [380]."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63926 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 2: 1630', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 106-112], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
"228. [f.78v. ? Before 15 March 1625] Shipmasters and owners to Trinity House [See 229–30.]<br />
<br />
In 1617, the writers agreed to an imposition of £1,000 a year for 2 years to suppress Turkish pirates and to ensure more safety in trade and southern navigation. Trinity House promised that it would be levied for only 2 years. It has now continued for 4 years and double the agreed sum has been paid (namely £4,000), but they are still liable. Trinity House are requested to petition the duke of Buckingham to end the imposition. Bernard Motam, Thomas Browne, William Reickes, John Tomson, William Goodlard, John Hide, George Lissant, William Ball, Thomas Breadcake, James Ireland, Robert Tockly, Thomas Tomson, Humphrey Sallowes, William Craiford, John Wetherly, Edward Robertes, Thomas Davis, '''James Damarell''', Tristram Wise, John Badiley, John Miller, John Goodwyn, William Peirson, Thomas Nicholles, John Mote, John Lingwood, Robert Bence, Robert Swyer, John Wharey, Thomas Martin, Thomas Gibbes, Roger Twiddy, Anthony Tichen, William Knight, John Ewers, Daniel Cadman, Henry Tawton, Anthony Wood, James Moyer, John Dennis, George Bodham, John Jenken, Edmond Grove, Richard Cooper, William Bushell, John Gibbs, Richard Hooper, Edward Acworth, John Hemmens, Richard Rassell, Squier Bence, William Grove, Jeremy Cornellis, Thomas Nelmes, John Gibbens, George Browne, John Bence, John Mason, Matthew Barret, Richard Broomfeild, Peter Milborn, Roger Sherman, George Clarckson, John Swanton, Robert Bowers, Edward Gardener, William Eeles, Matthew Wood, Richard Chamlet, William Mellowe, Thomas Addison, Thomas Sherwyn, John Andrewes, Thomas Foarde, William West, William Hill, John Ellman, William Low, Christopher Dunn, Henry West, John Stafford, William Smith, John Lowe, Robert Williams, John Arnold, William Goose, Richard Cole, John Johnson, William Smith, Henry West, Thomas Battell, Henry Page, John Bundocke, John Graunt, Martin Errington, John Sayer, John Doves, John Norwood, James Peterson, John Arnold, John Low, William Greene, Thomas Chall, Robert Rypinge, Nicholas Bradshow, Jonas Pereman, Thomas Montinge."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63920 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 1: 1624-5', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 58-65.], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
==C17th and later maps==<br />
<br />
Edges’ map of "Greenland" (Spitzbergen), ca. 1611<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Petermann, Augustus, 'Map of the Sea of Spitzbergen', to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1797955.pdf?acceptTC=true Petermann, Augustus, Map of the Sea of Soitzbergen, to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
----<br />
===Primary sources===<br />
----<br />
====BL====<br />
<br />
'''Cotton MS Appendix LIX''': Title: James Hall, Account of the Danish expedition to Greenland, 2 May–10 August 1605, including ‘A tophigraphicall discription of the land as I did discover the same’ (7r–v) and ‘The forme and maner of the langage ussid amonges their savage people’ (English–Inuit glossary) (10r–v)<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/68''': Title: 68. Notes concerning the question between the Dutch and English touching the fishery upon the coast of Greenland. fo. 402.<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/69''': Title: 69. "The Humble Peticion and Remonstrance of the Fellowshippe of English Merchants for discovery of newe Trade's, concerning their priviledges, the supportinge of the Trade to Russia, and the Whale fishinge at Greeneland and in the Northern Seas... Date: Unspecified<br />
<br />
'''Sloane MS. 3986, ff. 78v, 79-79v''' (and others)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====IGI====<br />
<br />
<u>Selection of Damerell records, Stepney, 1630-1670</u><br />
<br />
Variants: Damerell, Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dameryll; Dumerill;<br />
<br />
Joanna Damerell; bap. 20 May 1650; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Andrew Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 18 May 1651<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Joanna Damerell, 20 May 1650; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
James Damerell; bap. 02 Aug 1651; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Thomas Damerell; mother: Judith<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), James Damerell, 02 Aug 1651; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
Elizabeth Damerell; bap. 29 Oct 1656; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: William Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 29 Sep 1657 <ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Elizabeth Damerell, 29 Oct 1656; citing reference, FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
Mary Damerell ; bap. 06 Oct 1667; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Henry Damerell; mother: Susan<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Mary Damerell, 06 Oct 1667; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
----<br />
====London Metropolitan Archives====<br />
<br />
<u>Saint Mary Magdalene, Bermondsey: Bermondsey Street, Southwark</u><br />
<br />
Register of baptisms, marriages and burials Volume P71/MMG/3 1603-1642 (microfilm X102/004)<br />
<br />
Register of baptisms, marriages and burials Volume P71/MMG/4 1653-1676 (microfilm X97/222)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====TNA====<br />
<br />
'''C''' (Chancery)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/125Pt1/24''' Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman. Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652.<br />
<br />
'''C 6/134/15''' Short title: Batson v Colvile. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne. Defendants: Robert Colvile, John Colvile and William Clarkson. Subject: money matters. Document type: answer only. 1657<br />
<br />
- CSG: There is a very good chance that the above Chancery case involves two of the three partners of Richard Batson and Company and two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others"<br />
<br />
- CSG: Gowen Goldagne (and variants of that name) is mentioned in HCA 13/71 f.479r; there is also a mention of "Mr. Covell" (one of the owners of the Owners Adventure) (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
Two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others" are William Clarkson (Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex, Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine), and John Colville (Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/136/169''' Short title: Watkins v Merchants of London. Plaintiffs: Mary Watkins widow. Defendants: Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies [East India Company] and Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, London, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657<br />
----<br />
'''E''' (Exchequer)<br />
<br />
'''E 178/5525''': NORFOLK: Yarmouth Certificate as to the accounts of the profits of a voyage to Greenland (Hoarth v. Attorney-General and Lady Slingsby). 9 Chas. I.<br />
<br />
'''E 134/8&9Chas1/Hil5''': Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth (Norfolk), merchant. v. William Noy (Attorney-General), Dame Margaret Slingsby, widow.: Grant by Letters Patent by Chas. 1. to Nath. Edwards of the privilege of fishing and the "setting out ships for the getting of fish and making of oils in Greenland for the furnishing of Scotland with that commodity," assigned by Edwards to the plaintiff. Touching the detention of plaintiff's ships at Great Yarmouth by the water bailiff, &c., &c.: Norfolk. 8 & 9 Chas 1<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''HCA''' (High Court of Admiralty)<br />
<br />
'''HCA 13/128'''<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656 (modern 1657)]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-5933812a00d3bda4ac6eec3c6c312f8c8b80164a|Allegation: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue (als. Goldeye): Date: Feb ?8th 1656]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-327a88fee2bc48d8911dc233747ff50a9997d516|Case: XXXX: Personal answeres: Edward Goslin & XXX XXXXXX: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''PROB''' (Prerogative Court of Canterbury)<br />
<br />
'''PROB 4/10611''': Inventory; Serjent, Thomas, of Barking, London, ob. in Greenland, batcheler: 1675 1 Oct.<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/160/460''': Will of James Damerell, Mariner of Stepney, Middlesex; 24 October 1631<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/269/534''': Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London; 14 November 1657<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/297/85''': Will of Elias Ely, Mariner of Saint Thomas Hospital, Surrey; 21 March 1660<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/298''': Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/362''': Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey; 14 January 1680; Bath 1-59<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/373/446''': Will of William Clarkson, Shipwright of Romford, Essex; 18 August 1683<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/424''': Will of Richard Batson, Cutler; June 16th 1667; Carr 59-116 CHECK REFERENCE<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/461/57''': Will of John Ely, Mariner of Stepney, Middlese; 01 July 1701<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/524/234''': Will of John Pybus, Mariner of East Greenwich, Kent; 02 November 1711<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/5/78''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/6/3''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 36/2''': Name of deceased: Hull, Rachel Stepney, Middx Case title and other data: Damerell con Baker; 1674<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''SP''' (State Papers)<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/60''': The Case of many Freemen of England that have adventured and desire to adventure, to fish in Greenland (petition to parliament, January 1654)<br />
<br />
- See Appeby, 2008: 51<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/61-67''':Collection of papers relating to whaling cited by Appleby, 2008<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 5''': Order of the Council for Trade that for this year Bell Sound and Horn Sound shall be reserved for the Company of Merchant Adventurers to Greenland and the rest of the harbours left free for all other Englishmen. Copy. 1650/1 Mar. 3<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 8-12''': The proceedings at the Council for Trade, between the Muscovia Company, Monopolizers of the trade of Greenland, and others, Adventurers thither, for a Free Trade: Printed: [1651]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 15-16''': Petition of the Muscovia Company Adventurers to Greenland stating that their right to the sole fishing in Bell Sound and Horn Sound, Greenland, had been infringed and asking the Council to resolve the matter. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 17-18 ''': Reasons why the Muscovia Company should have priority in, if not the whole of, the fishing in Greenland: Copy. 1651/2 Jan.<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 19-20 ''': The names of the Adventurers in the present joint stock for Greenland. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 23-24''': Description of the present state of the Greenland fishing and the methods employed, and conclusions drawn therefrom [by the Muscovia Company]. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 141''': Petition to the Committee for Foreign Affairs by Thomas Horth asking that no decision should be taken on the suggestions of the Greenland Company until his answers thereto have been considered. (Enclosure at f.145): [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 143-144''': Answers of Thomas Horth to the claims of the Greenland Company. 1649 Dec. 31<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 145''': Answer, given to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, by Thomas Horth in reply to the Muscovia or Greenland Company: (Enclosure to f.141). [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/272''': Placaet ende Verbodt. Forbidding the export of fishing and whaling equipment The Hague, Hillebrant van Wouw, 1665 (in Dutch language)<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/326''': Placcaet. Forbidding navigation and whaling in and around Greenland in 1673 The Hague, Jacobus Scheltus, 1673 (in Dutch language)<br />
----<br />
<br />
====Printed====<br />
<br />
Pelham, Edward, ''God's Power and Providence'' (?London, 1631)<br />
<br />
- Account of first English wintering in Spitsbergen in 1630-31<br />
<br />
de La Peyrère, Isaac, ''Histoire du Groenland'' (XXXX, XXXX)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Secondary sources===<br />
<br />
Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', ''HMAP Asia Project Paper'', no. 161, October 2009<ref>[http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp161.pdf Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', HMAP Asia Project Paper, no. 161, October 2009)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Appleby, John C.,'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), pp. 29-49<br />
<br />
Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', ''The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord'', XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Bourne, Arthur G., 'Exploitation of the Small Whales in the North Atlantic', Oryx / Volume8 / Issue03 / December 1965, pp 185-193; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300004531 (About DOI), Published online: 24 April 2009<br />
<br />
Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Toolika Rastogi, Moira W Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654, 10.1139/z04-146], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Brito, Cristina, 'Medieval and Early Modern Whaling in Portugal', Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2011, pp. 287-300(14)<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Brito, Cristina, 'Medieval and Early Modern Whaling in Portugal', Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2011, pp. 287-300(14)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, ''The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex'' (Private printing, 1899)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n5/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/n7/mode/2up Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)], Internet Archive, viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''No man's land: a history of Spitzbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country'' (Cambridge, 1906)<br />
<br />
Hacquebord, Louwrens, 'Three 17th century whaling stations in southeastern Svalbard: an archaeological missing link', ''Polar Record'', 24 (1988), pp. ?-?<br />
<br />
van Holk, A.G.F. (ed.), ''Early European exploitation of the Northern Atlantic 800-1700'' (Groningen, 1981)<br />
<br />
Jackson, Gordon, ''The British whaling trade'' (London, 1978)<br />
<br />
Jenkins, James Travis, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n7/mode/2up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Ch. 1: A history of the whale fisheries (pp.11-38)<br />
Ch. 2: The economics of whaling (pp.39-58)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, ''The Arctic: a history'' (Stroud, 1994)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, 'Bowhead whaling in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during the 18th and 19th Centuries', ''Polar Record'' / Volume23 / Issue144 / September 1986, pp 289-299; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400007117 (About DOI), Published online: 27 October 2009<br />
<br />
White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/collectionofdocu00whitrich#page/n7/mode/2up White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)], viewed 15/10/12</ref></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=C17th_Arctic_whaling&diff=78434C17th Arctic whaling2012-10-20T16:55:24Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''C17th Arctic whaling'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
'''15/10/12''': CSG created page<br />
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'''Purpose of this page'''<br />
<br />
This week (W/C 15/10/12) Jill's, Colin's and William's teams are working on a case involving a failed whaling adventure to the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 1656 ("'''Batson against Goslin and others'''")<br />
<br />
We plan to publish a blog article on the case, placing it in a broader context of the whaling fisheries off Spitsbergen (alt. Spitzbergen) in the 1650s. (The first thing to note is that C17th "Greeneland" is what we now call "Spitsbergen")<br />
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Jill, Colin and William would like to encourage their team members to use this page to share quotes, and to explore places, people and activities mentioned in the pages they are transcribing<br />
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__TOC__<br />
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==Suggested links==<br />
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==Mentioned in case==<br />
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===Animals and technology===<br />
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[[File:WP_Fax_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574.png|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Boyler'''<br />
<br />
'''Cape whale'''<br />
<br />
- The two whales captured by the Owners Adventure in 1656 are described as "cape whales" (HCA 13/128, no foliation)<br />
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'''Furnace'''<br />
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- "''this rendent beleeveth that the Dutch & ffrench having their ships usually fitted with furnaces & other materialls in their ships, & not being prmitted to have the freedome of harbors there, in Greeneland fish at sea but this rendent beleeveth that the use with the English is the contrary''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX; HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041]], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Jubartas'''<br />
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- "''comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are''" (HCA 13/71 f.464r)<br />
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'''Launce'''<br />
<br />
- After a whale had been exhausted from a pursuit by its hunters in multiple shallops, the hunters approached the whale on the surface and struck it with lances<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 26)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Pinke'''<br />
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- "''did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.479r)<br />
<br />
'''Right whale'''<br />
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- The species favoured off Spitsbergen by early C17th whalers of all European nations, given that it was calm, slow moving, and floated when dead.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 24)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Sea horse''' (?walrus)<br />
<br />
- "(on Hope Island) ''the dutch having killed about a hundred sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
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- "''about twenty butts of blubber of sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
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-"''A little further inland we find sea-horses, as the English call them, sea-cows, as the French say, and sea-elephants, as we could say, for they resemble these almost in size of body, and on account of the great teeth they have in their mouth.<br />
<br />
They have much fat from which to make grease, but the skin, although it is enormously thick, and has been found to weigh here 400lb., is worth very little, because it is too full of blisters. But the teeth are worth all the more, being estimated of greater value than ivory''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/28/mode/2up Hessel Gerritszoon van Assum, 'Description of the new country, called by the Dutch Spitsbergen' (Amsterdam, 1613), in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1904), p.28)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Shallop''' (small boat)<br />
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[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_Whale_Boat_off_Eden_NSW_Towed_By_Whale_AusGeog_DL_CSG_191012.JPG|thumbnail|400px|right]]<br />
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Small boats were used by Europeans when whaling in Arctic waters from the C16th onwards into the early C20th.<br />
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Below is a small whaling boat from the southern hemisphere, near Eden, New South Wales, in the early C20th.<ref>Original caption for unedited larger iamge: 'Fabled killer whale (Orcinus orca) named Old Tom swims alongside a whaling boat being towed by a harpooned whale', [http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/legendary-killer-whales-of-eden.htm Australian Geographic, June 6, 2012, online], viewed 19/10/12</ref> The design may well differ from the mid-C17th English shallops, but the crew size matches the deponents descriptions of a harpooner, four rowers, and a steersman.<br />
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<u>Question</u><br />
<br />
Laura: In the deposition I am working on the deponent states that he and his company:<br />
<br />
"''did put out their boates and worke the sayd shipps in to the Ice about eight or ˹seven˺ leagues as did alsoe fower other English shipps which were then in Company with the Owners Adventure and Greyhound, and after the sayd shipps had all sixe of them wrought soe farr into the Ice, the Ice then proving to bee somewhat thick this deponent ordered his Companyes of his two vessells...to make fast too great Ice peeces of Ice and lash their vessells fast board and board to the shipps of Mr Golding and Mr Welch being two of the other fower English shipps aforesayd, who had alsoe cause their Companys to make fast their too shipps to the same peece of ice and the sayd shipps being soe fastened, they all laye there for some tyme then when the Ice would open as usually it doth''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
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I was wondering how the above idea of 'working into the ice' works? Does anyone know? Would the ships/boats just have tried to ram through the ice with their prows, or would the sailors have used special technology/techniques? Laura<br />
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<u>Answer</u><br />
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Colin: The above description suggests that the sailing ships were led or towed through the broken ice field by crew from the ships rowing in the five or six shallops which were part of the whaling ship's equipment. Shallopps could be hauled across ice, assisted by planks and oars, if the ice became too thick, but not the larger sailing ships. Presumably the crewmen in the shallops, when leading the sailing ships, used oars and planks to fend off floating ice. There are accounts in the 1H C17th of Dutch ships being crushed in the ice off Spitsbergen and Mauritius island (in the north-west of Spitsbergen, where the Dutch settlement of Smerenburg was located:<br />
<br />
"''In the evening we rowed out in the shallop, in order to see whether there was nothing to be got, proceeding some distance in the West Bay, until we could get no further on account of the ice, when we climbed high up on the mountains, and could — strange to say — see no ice outside the bay ; but in the bay itself and in the N. all was ice. Upon our return we found our passage cut off and entirely ice-bound, so that we had with great difficulty to drag our shallop through and over it. We were almost resolved to haul our shallop on to some ice-floes, which were fast to the ground some seven or eight fathoms deep, and betake ourselves to land across the ice-floes by means of planks and oars.''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/162/mode/2up 'Van der Brugge's Journal, 1634' in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English voyages to Spitsbergen in the seventeenth century (London, 1904), p. 163)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Train oil''' (alt. Trane; Traine; Traen; Oile; Oyle; Oyl)<br />
<br />
From the Dutch "traen", referring to "tears." Train oil was a certain type of oil produced from certain parts of processed whales, and used for lighting. References can be found in other HCA documents to "Traine Oyle", for example:<br />
<br />
"''"y:e said Grove did Lade on board y:e said Ship at Newfound Land about six hogsheads of Traine Oyle, w:ch was there stowed inn the Lazaretto or y:e fore?peeke of the said Ship, and there Continued untill it was unladen at Nevis''" (HCA 13/73 Part Two)<br />
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===Crews===<br />
<br />
Appleby, writing of the Hull whalers in the early C17th, states that:<br />
<br />
"''unfortunately the men who served aboard these vessels, who formed part of the first generation of English whalemen, are almost invisible. Little evidence survives for the manning of, or recruitment to, Hull whaling ships; nor is much known about conditions of work, discipline and pay.''" (Appleby, 2008: 45)<br />
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Appleby also states that little is known about the Hull and York merchants who promoted and financed the whaling trade in the early C17th (Appleby, 2008: 46-47)<br />
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* CSG: We have an opportunity to use the case and depositions of Batson against Goslin and others to elucidate the social character and organisation of a London financed whaling adventure from the mid-1650s, at a time when English whaling off Spitsbergen was in disarray, facing exceptionally strong competition from the Dutch (and to a lesser extent the French)<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that Hull whaling masters may previously have served on similar voyages as mates and harpooners, and cites "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the ''Adventure'' of Hull in 1656" who "had served under other masters on five previous voyages to Spitsbergen, and as "Master & harponeere" on another eleven" (Appleby, 2008: 46), Appleby's primary source for this is our very own HCA 13/71, and "Mr. Pybus" is one of the four other whaling captains of "London shipps" mentioned by the deponents in ''Batson against Goslin and others.''<br />
<br />
Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, he suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men. Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)<br />
<br />
* CSG: It will be interesting to compare the wages and structure of wages stated in related HCA 13/128 litigation brought by Richard Gosling, Henry ffreeman and others against Batson et al., with Appleby's data.<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
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===People===<br />
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<u>J. Segersz, van der Brugge's "Journael," 1635, 'dic op Spitsbergen Overwintert zijn', p. 31</u><br />
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[[File:CAPTURE_Conway_M_Early_Voyages_Spitsbergen_1904_betw_p136_p137_IA_CSG_DL_191012.JPG|thumbnail|500px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Ashmore'''<br />
<br />
'''Richard Batson'''<br />
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- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r).<br />
<br />
- Appears in other archival records sometimes as "Battison" (Batson & Company; Battison and Company).<br />
<br />
- Richard Batison and Company's interest in the Greenland fisheries may have been a substantial one, in terms both of capital commitment and activity. He was certainly active in sending out whaling ships prior to 1656. Moreover, he employed men with extensive experience of the trade. For example, Robert Kirton, hired as overseer of the land men, stated in his deposition that he had "gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland."<ref>HCA 13/71 f.501r</ref> However, is unclear whether Humphrey Beane and Gowen Gold(e)gay, his partners in the 1656 adventure involving the Owners' Adventure and the Greyhound, were long term partners in this trade.<br />
<br />
When the Yarmouth merchant and whaler, Thomas Horth (alt. Howarth), proposed in ?1654 that English merchants should supply 3000 tons and 500 men for the Greenland fisheries, he pencilled in 200 tons for "Battison and partners." A further 300 tons were suggested for Whitwell and partners, 500 tons for unnamed Yarmouth merchants, and 1600 tons for unnamed London merchants.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.74, and more generally pp. 69-75]</ref> When certificates of exemption from the impress of harpooners and steersmen were issued in early 1654 a specific protection was issued Richard Batson and Company for fourteen harpooners.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/lastofmayflower00harriala#page/68/mode/2up Rendell Harris, The last of the 'Mayflower' (Manchester, 1920), p.69], citing CSPD, p.434, vol. i., 206,247: vol. i, 19, 22</ref><br />
<br />
- There is some evidence to suggest that Richard Batson was attracted to capital intensive, process oriented industrial activities, with a Richard Batson, merchant, and a partner and fellow merchant, Edmond Lewin, acquiring a glass house in Goodman's Yard, the Minories, in 1651. As always, with prosopographical resconstruction, it is hard to be certain that all the identities are congruent.<ref>[http://www.cbrain.mistral.co.uk/minories.htm 'Minories or Goodman's Yard Glass House', web article], viewed 17/10712]</ref><br />
<br />
- The Batson of HCA 13/71 may be Richard Batson, citizen and cutler (b. ?, d. ca. 1667), whose daughter married John Bendish, son of Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador to Constantinople (a friend of Sir George Oxenden).<ref>Possible will [[MRP: Richard Batson will|PROB 11/424 Carr 59-116, Will of Richard Batson, Cutler, June 16th 1667]]</ref> J.R. Woodhead (1966) provides a sketchy outline of Richard Batson, the cutler.<ref>'Batson, Richard', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s43 J.R. Woodhead, 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Humfrey Beane'''<br />
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- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Probably Humphrey (alt. Humfry) Beane (b. ?1613, d. 1679/80), of Ebisham (alt. Epsom), Surrey. J. R. Woodhead characterises him as a cordwainer, available at the Turkey Walk on the Exchange. A dissenter, he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Woodhead, drawing on CHW Mander (1931:82n.), states that Humphrey Beane had "great interest in Greenland whale fisheries."<ref>'Beane, Humphrey' in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s51 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 28/04/12); CHW Mander, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Guild of Cordwainers of the City of London (1931), p 82 n; PROB 11/362 Bath 1-59 Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey 14 January 1680</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The daughter and heiress of Humphrey Beane, cordwainer, Elizabeth, married by 1667 (Sir) John Parsons (b.1639, d.1717) of Well Close Square, Ratcliffe, Middlesex, and the Priory, Reigate. Humphrey Beane's residence is given by Cruickshank ''et al.'' (XXXX), as "of Sr. Mary Axe, London, and Epsom, Surr."<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B_92tjio4vIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=beane+cordwainer&source=bl&ots=GN_m4aD-m-&sig=L_KE-xEPqnaFNMlPUx3XUtyIbrA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4J9UNf-PMKS0QWh24Bo&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=beane%20cordwainer&f=false Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley (eds.), The House of Commons, 1690-1715, vol. 5., members O-Z (Cambridge, XXXX), p.105], viewed 16/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mathew Boulding''' (alt. Bowlding)<br />
<br />
- Harpooneere (HCA 13/71 f.485v)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Chantry''' (alt. Chantrie)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. Child'''<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
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'''William Clarkson'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
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- Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex<br />
<br />
- Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine<br />
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'''John Colville'''<br />
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- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''hee was Gunner of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question, and hath not commenced any action ag''ains''t the Interrogate Batson Beane and Golderne or any of them for wayges for t{he} voyage ˹in question˺ nor intendeth to commence any unlesse hee bee enforced thereunto by their uniust dealeings in denying to pay him what is due to him''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
'''Thomas Damerell'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Master of Owners Adventure, and "commander, director and orderer of the Greyhound" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
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- Mariner, of Lymehouse, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex; aged 37 in December 1656, so b. ca. 1619 (one year before Sir George Oxenden (b.1620, d. 1669))<br />
<br />
- Damerell is a name which shows considerable orthographical variation, and subsequent further variation through probable mistranscription, for example: Damerell; Damarall; Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell;Dameryll; Dumerill<br />
<br />
- A number of male and female Damerells (and name variants) appear in the records of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney, in the 1630 to 1670 period, including children born to a Thomas Damerell.<br />
<br />
- Several of the male Stepney Damerells are identified as mariners of Limehouse. Probate was granted in October 1631 to Rachel Damerell, wife of James Damerell, of Limehouse, in the parish of Stepney, who was identified as mariner "deceased abroad."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/yearbooksofproba01cantuoft#page/78/mode/2up 'Will (106 St. John), probate Oct. 24 1631' in John Mathews, George F. Mathews (eds.), Abstracts of probate acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (London, 1902), p. 78], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref> The marriage of a William Damerell, "marriner", of Lymehouse, Stepney, appears in the printed marriage records the parish of Saint Dunstan's in the month of August 1652.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
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- A "Thomas Damarell" is listed in a September 1650 petition to the Naval Commisioners as a mariner on the ''Adventure'', under the command of Captain Wyard.<ref>Reference states: Also Vol. XI., No. 34. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54366 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Volume 11: September 1650', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1650 (1876), pp. 320-365.]</ref><br />
<br />
- Casual inspection of varied records suggests that "Damerell" may be a Devon name<br />
<br />
'''John Ely'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, county of Surrey, aged 28 in late 1656<br />
<br />
'''Maurice ffoarde'''<br />
<br />
- Criticised by Thomas Damarell in his deposition, for allegedly giving false testimony in favour of Batson ''et al.'' in return for payment of his wages. Damarell deposed that:<br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth) had not promised to pay him his wages, hee would have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<br />
<br />
'''Henry ffreeman'''<br />
<br />
- Shipped on the Greyhound<br />
<br />
- Lead name in wages suit against Batson ''et al'' on behalf of crew of the Greyhound (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Golding''' (alt. Goulding)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling shipp (described as one of four London ships, whose masters were Pybus, Golding, XXXX, and Child)<br />
<br />
'''Gowen ?Golderne''' (alt. Goldagne; Goldegay; Goldgay)<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Possibly Gowen Goldegay. Gowen Goldegay (b. ?1614, d. ca. 1657), of Whitefriars, City of London. 'Mr. Gowen Goldegay,' was appointed to 'a Committee for the Militia, of and within the Borough of Southwarke, and Parts adjacent within the Lines of Communication, on the South Side of the River of Thames, in the County of Surrey' in September 1647.<ref>Gowen Goldingay: Christening 04 Dec 1614 St Giles Cripplegate, London: Father: Edward Goldingay, IGI; PROB 11/269 Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London 14 November 1657 Ruthen 411-461, pp. 1-5</ref><br />
<br />
'''Edward Gosling''' (alt. Goslin)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath knowne the sayd Goslin for these sixe or seaven yeares and gone in severall shipps with him severall voyages wherein the sayd Goslin hath served as Masters mate and observed that in all these voyages he behaved himselfe civilly and was carefull of his task committed to him and was reputed an able and experienced seaman and a man of good life and conversation''" (HCA 13/71 f.467r: Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v: Deposition of John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''after the comming out of the Ice the sayd Gosling Maundrie Humphreys and others harponeeres had difference with the Master and refused to obey his Command about helpeing to kill the whale aforesayd''" (HCA 13/71 f.497r)<br />
<br />
Edward Gosling was not an unknown quantity to Richard Batson, having been on several past voyages on behalf of Batson & Company:<br />
<br />
"''he beleeveth y:e sd Gosling did goe to Greeneland on severall voiages for this rendent 1ne Comp:ie''"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
<br />
Moreover, Batson clearly knew Gosling personally:<br />
<br />
"''after such time as the sd ship arlate arrived at Blackwall this rendent did give the sd Gosling a Cup of beere at London & tould him when the ship was discharged he would talke further with him about the voiage in question or to that effect''"(HCA 13/128: answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
<br />
'''Gosling's 'mutinous mammer'.''' There is quite a good passage describing Gosling's refusal to obey orders from f. 480r: 'did in a mutinous mammer saye thus or the like in effect wee (meaning him selfe and the rest of the Company of the Owners Adventure) will goe noe further, and speaking to this deponent sayde wee will see ye hanged before wee will goe any further with such a roague and a foole' - Laura<br />
<br />
<br />
'''William Humfrey'''<br />
<br />
- Member of company of Owners Adventure and harpooner<br />
<br />
<u>Detail of Smerenburg land station of the Noordsche Compagnie on Amsterdamøya Island, off northwest coast of West-Spitsbergen, Cornelis de Man, 1639</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_De_Man_Cornelis_Smerenburg_1639_WiMed_CSG_DL_161012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Richard Kirton'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''[Richard Kirton] Overseer of the Land men of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound the voyage in question and was by his office to Oversee the land men of both the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound that they did their office and duty in cutting up and boyleing and orderring of such whales as should bee taken the sayd voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- "''"hee [Richard Kirton] having gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland knoweth that some of those voyages there hath bin little or noe Ice at all upon the Coast and therefore lesse danger than was the voyage in question''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
'''London whalers'''<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to look at the names of the independent or interloping London whalers, who competed in the 1650s with the "officially" sanctioned English Muscovy company. Scott, 1910: 73, suggests that there were 50 or 55 members of the Greenland company in the early 1650s, and an unspecified number of individual interlopers. He suggests that the interlopers posed as individuals, yet were in fact organised in small companies or partnerships.<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to compare the campaign of the whaling interlopers in the 1640s and the 1650s against the claimed monopoly rights of the Muscovy company with a similarly timed campaign by interlopers seeking to penetrate the East India trade. Non-conformism and a parliamentarian orientation had a role, it would appear, in both campaigns, though to what extent remains to be determined. East Indian interloping was complex, and should not be reductively associated with just one religious or political strand. Moreover, attitudes were labile in these changeable times.<br />
<br />
In the case of the whaling interlopers, Scott, 1910:73 has identifed "Edward Bushell & Co."as a recognised interloping company.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.73]</ref> Edward Bushell was also known for his involvement in the Portuguese, Brazilian and Barbados trade, in partnership with his brothers.<ref>Colin Greenstreet, unpublished paper, 2010, available from author</ref> He appears frequently in HCA records in the late 1640s and throughout the 1650s, often in the context of his involvement in the Portuguese Brazil company.<ref>For example: HCA 13/127, unfoliated: Case: XXXX: Answer: John & Edw:d Bushell on behalf of John Salmon: Date: June 26th 1655; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-15f816ae98a89a245d2ce02986e170c3de33f1d3|HCA 13/128, unfoliated: Allegation: Thomas Grant: Answers: Edward Bushell, Stephen White & John Crowder: Date: March 8th 1657]]</ref><br />
<br />
Edward Bushell, London merchant, was a partner of William Bird, London merchant. Both Bushell and Bird were dissenters, and both men had country residences in Hackney. However, Bushell's place of business being Little Saint Hellens, in the London parish of Saint Hellen's Bishopsgate, where he was recorded with eleven hearths in 1666.<ref>[[MRP: Hearth tax: London#fnref-50d3229265ba1e37418c1ae18f59679f939850da-289|London 1666 hearth tax returns]]. See also PROB 11/418 Box 1-45 Will of Edward Bushell, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 20 February 1694; PROB 11/444 Lort 45-91 Will of William Bird or Birde, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 26 March 1698</ref><br />
<br />
Assuming that Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay were long term partners of Richard Batson in whaling, then Batson and company, also had a dissenting and parliamentarian flavour. Humphrey Beane was a known dissenter, who was buried in Bunhill Fields, and Gowen Goldegay was involved in the Southwark militia.<br />
<br />
'''Richard Maundrie''' (alt. Maundrey or Manndery)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- CSG: Just possibly, Richard Maundrey was a mariner of Leigh, Essex. A Leigh resident of this name was recorded in a 1671 land transaction as the second son of John Mandry, a Leigh mariner.<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: D/DS 44/2: 3 July 1671]</ref> Furthermore, a John Maundrey, mariner, of Leigh, Essex, was recorded in the Essex session rolls of Michaelmas 1624 as being given a recognizance "for beating Richard Haddock's childe de Lee."<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: Q/SR 246/92; 11 September 1624]</ref> Speculatively, Richard Maundrey's putative father may have left a will proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1660, recording him as a mariner of Lee in the county of Essex.<ref>PROB 11/298: Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The Thames estuary town of Leigh (alt. Leigh-on-sea; Lee), together with the neighbouring Eastwood, was home in the early seventeenth century to a number of important mariner and merchant families.<ref>H.W.King, 'A sketch of the genealogy of the Purchas family', in Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, vol. 4 (Colchester, 1869), p. 169. The accompanying footnotes refer to Lawrence Moyer, mariner, whose grandson was Samuel Moyer, and whose family was subsequently connected to the Heathcotes; Robert Salman "a wealthy Merchant and Mariner, afterwards Master of the Trinity House", who died in 1641 and was buried in Leigh; William Goodlad of Leigh "Chief Commander of the Greenland Fleet" for twenty years, who was also Master of the Trinity House, and who died in 1639 and was buried in Leigh. "Ten or twelve of his family [Goodlad], all mariners, were contemporary with Purchas"; Captain Richard Haddock, a Master Mariner, who was a contemporary of Purchas; the maritime family of the Bonners at Leigh in the time of Purchas; Richard Harris of Leigh, an Elder Brother of Trinity House, who was buried at Leigh in 1628; the Hare family of Leigh, several of whom were mariners; Abraham Cocke of Limehouse, who had a disasterous expedition to the River Plate in the reign of Elizabeth; and Richard Chester, Esq., of Leigh, mariner, Elder Brother of the Trinity House, and Master of the Society in 1615, who was buried in 1632 in Leigh (Ibid, p.169)</ref> The town was located on north shore of the Thames estuary, just to the east of Benfleet and Canvey island, and about fifteen miles downstream of Tilbury and Gravesend. Samuel Purchas, author of the ''Pilgrimage'', was also a Leigh resident.<ref>Samuel Purchas, ''Purchase his Pilgrimage or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered from the Creation to this present, vol. 1, and Hakluytus Poshumus; or Puchas his Pilgrimes, containing the History of the World in Sea-Voyages, and Land Travels by Englishmen and others'', vols. 2-5 (5 vols, London, 1613-1625)</ref> For a profile of the town see [[MRP: Lee|Leigh (alias Lee), Essex]]<br />
<br />
- CSG: William Goodlad (b. c.1576, d. ?1639), was a resident of Leigh, where he was also buried. He had been active in the Greenland fisheries since at least 1620. Purchas (1625) printed a letter from Captain William Goodlard (sic), dated 8 July 1623, sent from Bell-sound (on Spitsbergen) to vice-admiral William Heley. The letter reported the capture of "three and thirtie" whales in the sound, a very superior result to that of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound in 1656.<ref>Purchas (1625 [1906]), vol. xiii, pp. 24–25; vol. xiv, pp. 106–7</ref> On his tombstone, awaiting the second coming of his saviour, he was described as "Capr. WILLIAM GOODLAD, Chiefe Commander of the Greenland Fleet XX [20] yeares, and Maister of the Trinity House in anno 1638"<br />
<br />
- CSG: It is plausible that other members of Leigh mariners families were involved in the Greenland fisheries, and it would merit research to see if any members of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound can definitely be linked to Leigh. In addition to the possible Maundry family connection, there is a possible Gostlin (alt. Gostling) family link, though this family name was more common in the C17th than that of Maundry.<ref>PROB 11/361 Will of Benjamine Gostlin, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 16 October 1679; King 125-176</ref><br />
<br />
- John Colvile, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure: "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)<br />
<br />
'''Richard Parker'''<br />
<br />
- Harpooner and boatswaine of the Owners Adventure<br />
<br />
- "''during such tyme as the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were at Sea after their comming out of the Ice as aforesayd on Richard Parker a harponeere and boat swaine of the Owners Adventure did fasten an Iron to a wale and the arlate humfreys fastened alsoe an other Iron to her and Gosling and Maundrie and other harponeeres made fast their boates to the sayd Parker and humfrey to helpe to tyre the whale with toweing, and after they had soe bin towed by her about twelve howers the sayd humfrey cut loose his warpe and hee and the sayd Gosling and Maundry and their boates Crews and the other harponeeres and their Crewes (all but the sayd Parker and his Crew) came aboard the Owners Adventure and left the sayd Parker fast to the whale and gave over the chase And the sayd Damerell askeing them why they came away being the sayd Parker continued fast to her whereto they answered that shee towed soe swiftly that they were not able to gett neere her to fasten any more Irons in her nor to lannce her ˹by reason˺ shee towed soe feircely and the sea was soe rough, and sayd shee could not bee killed or to that effect whereupon the sayd whale afterwards comming neere to the shipp side and Parker continueing fast to her the sayd Damerell asked the sayd Parker why hee did not cutt away alsoe, of to that effect whereupon the sayd Parker cutt away and came on board alsoe and lett the whale goe''" (HCA 13/71 f.500Av, f. 501r)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. (?John) Pybus''' (alt. Pibus)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
- Appleby identifies "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" (Appleby, 2008: 46). Appleby's source is HCA 13/71, ff.587r-588v. Pybus, by his own deposition, had served as master on five voyages to Spitsbergen and had been "master and harponeere" on an additional eleven voyages.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf John C. Appleby, 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p.46 and fn. 116]</ref><br />
<br />
- A certificate for protection from impress was issued on April 14, 1657 for "John Pibus, master, and 17 on the ''Damasell''"<ref>April 14 (1657). Protection from impress. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54509 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Warrants of the Protector and Council. ', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1656-7 (1883), pp. 580-588 ], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The forfeitures of a "John Pibus" were granted to the Duke of Ormond in 1661. The forfeitures were the consequence of his condemnation in the Admiralty Court for "having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces."<ref>Undated 1661. No. 8. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54683 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 47: Undated 1661', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1861), pp. 200-213.], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The Kent hearth tax returns of 1664 show "Highstreet West (chargeable)...Capt[ain] Thomas Pibus 6 hearths."<ref>[http://www.hearthtax.org.uk/communities/kent/kent_1664L_transcript.pdf Dunacn Harrington (ed.), Kent hearth tax assessment Lady Day 1664, CKS: Q/RTH (Online PDF, 1999], viewed 20/10/12</ref> Highstreet West is listed within East Greenwich in the 1664 Kent hearth tax returns. For selected names from the East Greenwich hearth tax data (merchants, mariners, and individuals who can be matched to surviving Prerogative Court of Canterbury inventories, see [[MRP: Hearth tax: Kent %26 Surrey#head-8a3da1e7cc5819a77aaa40cc8ab2162cc0a58d27|East Greenwich hearth tax, 1664]]<br />
<br />
- A "Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich" was recorded in 1666 in a communication in May 1666 between the Masters and Wardens of Trinity House and the Naval Commissioners as being master of the ''Sovereign''<ref>May 9, 166. Trinity House. Adm. Papers. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54839 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 155: May 1-11, 1666', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6 (1864), pp. 374-393], viewed 17/10/12</ref>.<br />
<br />
- Pybus is a name associated in the C16th and C17th with Yorkshire<br />
<br />
'''Edward Reynolds'''<br />
<br />
- Of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London<br />
<br />
- Cooper; Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question; aged fifty yeares<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Places===<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Bell Point and Bell Sound, from Edge's map, ca. 1611</u><ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_EXTRACT_Map_Edges_Greenland_ca1621_Travis_JT_1921_facp58_CSG_DL_IA_151012_copy.JPG|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Bell point''' (alt. "Bell Poynt") (HCA 13/71 f.463v, f. 469v, f.474v)<br />
<br />
- "''neere Bell Point''" (HCA 13/71 f.469v)<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Pointe in Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
'''Bell sound'''<br />
<br />
- "''"the shipp was gone too farr Northwards of the harbour of Bell sound''" (HCA 13/71 f.465r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellsund Bellsund]<br />
<br />
- See Appleby, 2008: 53-54, citing S.P. 16/65/61: Claim by English Muscovy Company that "Bell Sound was too small to support the whaling activities of different interests. Covering a region of about seven miles in breadth, and ten in length, between 30 and 40 well-manned shallops were "''sufficient to fish that Harbour if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many whales as if there were doble the Nomber of boats''""<br />
<br />
"''Bell Sound itself is a channel which runs far into the land; on the N. side is an island, which can be passed on two sides; opposite this island ther eis a creek in the land. It is a good spot for getting sea-horses, or walruses, which are there in large numbers. Our poeple have been 6 leagues uop this channel, where they found quanttities of seals in sweet water.''"<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/22/mode/2up Hessel Gerritszoon van Assum, 'Description of the new country, called by the Dutch Spitsbergen' (Amsterdam, 1613), in William Martin Conway, Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1904), pp.23-24)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Blackwall'''<br />
<br />
- "''all which when it was boyled at Blackwall after the retourne home of the sayd shipps from the sayd voyage, amounted to eighteene Tonnes of oyle or thereabouts''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd shipps Owners Adventure and Greyhound returned home onely with as much bloober as made (when it was boyled at Blackwall) eighteene tonns and upwards of oyle and the finns of two whales''" /HCA 13/71 f.500Av)<br />
<br />
* CSG: Worth exploring what can be found about whale oil processing at Blackwall and Blackwall docks in 1650s<br />
<br />
- The English East India Company leased (1653), then sold (1655) the Blackwall docks to the shipwright Henry Johnson, who had been apprenticed to Phineas Pett, the Royal shipwright at Deptford<ref>'The Years of Expansion: Henry Johnson, senior, and Blackwall Yard, 1653–83', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46533'CHAPTER XIX - Blackwall Yard', Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Blackwall Yard: Development, to c.1819', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 553-565],viewed 15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- The Survey of London has provides some limited details of commercial and industrial activities in the mid to late C17th. Mention is made of a ropeyard on the west side of Blackwall Causeway, of several ship building and repair yards, a wharf and warehouses, but no whale processing activities are described.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46532 'Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Old Blackwall', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 548-552], viewed15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/image.aspx?compid=46532&filename=fig211.gif&pubid=369 Plan of Old Blackwall and Coldharbour, 1740]<br />
<br />
'''Darke Cove''' (HCA 13/71 f.477v)<br />
<br />
'''Greene harbour'''<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Sound or Greene harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nfjorden Grønfjorden]<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Spitzbergen and surrounding seas, from Augustus Petermann (1853)</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Sea_Of_Spitzbergen_Petermann_A_JRGSoc_1853_vol23_Betwp130_131_FreeJournal_CSG_DL_151012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Greeneland'''<br />
<br />
- "''at Greeneland the Ice doth usually open and shutt, and men that goe thither when great yeares of Ice are most watch their opportunitie to get into harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitsbergen]<br />
<br />
'''Hope islands''' (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''the backside of Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
'''Point Negro''' (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
- "''Point Negro being a Point to the Eastward beyond darke Cove''" (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
'''Port of Bell point'''<br />
<br />
'''the West Ice'''<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Damerell say that the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were designed first for the West Ice which is called commonly Greane land, and there to goe to the Coast of Greeneland to fish in any place according to his the sayd Damerells direction''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Ships===<br />
<br />
'''The Owners Adventure'''<br />
<br />
'''The Greyhound'''<br />
<br />
Four other '''"London shipps"'''<br />
<br />
- "(Thomas Damarell) ''hee knoweth the arlate Pybus ?Nelsy Child and Golding and saith they are all acconpted able sea men, and men that have used the Greeneland trade of fishing for many yeares, and accompted to bee well experienced therein''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
----<br />
==Themes==<br />
----<br />
===Arctic navigation and conditions===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-"''up to the 13th of June, the ice was this year still so firm along the coast and at the mouths of the ports that the ships could not enter; and the snow (which in some places never melts) had by then melted in so few places that the stags or deer could find no nourishment, and were as lean as sticks''" (p.25)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Pybus his shipp by her goeing into the Ice at the same tyme and place (though notsoe farr as the Owners Adventure did) was soe much damnified and hurt thereby and by breaking through the Ice againe to sea, that when shee was gott cleere to Sea she was ready to sinke by reason of a hole the Ice had staved in her bowe, at which shee tooke five or sixe feete water in hold, and her company were ready to forsake her had shee not ther had the helpe of the Companyes of the sayd Golding NelXh and Child their shipps, and of the Company of the Owners Adventure to helpe to pumpe her and stopp her leake''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''this deponent did observe thet the Ice did beate ˹and drive˺ soe against the Rudder of the Owneres Adventure as shee was while shee laye fast to the Ice before shee begann to worke out againe, that hee much feares it would have staved her Rudder''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''" (HCA 13/71 f.471r)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard some seamen who have used the sayd voyage, and alsoe the sayd Damerell himselfe sayd that some yeares they have had noe Ice in their passage to Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "''by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice without giving cost to their Companys the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Golding and Welches shipps by order of their masters made fast to the Ice and alsoe made fast one to an other lying board and board and the sayd Pybus and Child alsoe made fast their shipps to the Ice about a myle or two farther from shoare than the other fower shipps did and soe the sayd shipps all continued fast about fower and twenty howers and then the sayd Damerell commanded the Companyes of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound to loose their shipps from the Ice and also from the sayd Welch...''" (HCA 13/71 500Ar)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Economics===<br />
<br />
'''Revenue'''<br />
<br />
- "''the sd ship came & arrived at a place called Hope Iland as he hath heard & there the M:r & Comp:ie of her did get the blubber of some seahorse w:ch the fflemings had left ther as not thinking the same worth taking which sd blubber this rendent beleeveth was brought home in the sd ship to this rendent & Comp:ie the whole of whale blubber & horse blubber did amount unto 16. or 17. tonnes of course oyle and not above as he beleeveth & also about halfe a tonne of whale bone & not above as he beleeves all w:ch together w:th the charges of boyling custome & excise & other petty charges after the comming home therof deduced did extend to about 165:li or 170:li & noe more as he beleeveth''" ('Answer to fifth pretended position', HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Pybus Welch Golding and Child after since they came home from the voyage in question saye, that after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound they did light of an oportunity to gett into harbour and there made a good voyage and brought home good store of oyle and finns and soe much hee hath alsoe heard from divers of their Companyes''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
See Appleby, 2008: 55-56 for economic arguments by English Muscovy Company in 1654 for enforcement of monopoly whaling rights with a proposed joint stock.<br />
<br />
Independent whalers responded to the demand for joint stock by publishing ''The Heads of the Answer of several Adventurers to Greenland, To the claim of the Muscovia Company of the two Harbors of Bel-Sound and Hornsound'' (Appleby, 2008: 56, citing S.P. 18/65/67).<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that much of the published argument was based on material compiled by Edward Whittwell "who was representing the interests of independent traders in London" (citing C.S.P.D. 1653-54, 379-80, 392-3; C.S.P.D 1654, 16)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Monopoly vs. free trade debate===<br />
<br />
Both the interlopers and the English Muscovy company resorted to petitioning parliament on occasion in the 1640s and 1650s to assert their economic positions.<br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 60. The case of the freemen adventurers for the fishing in Greenland, presented to Parliament</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.377]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 61. Arguments by Fras. Ashe, Governor of the Muscovy Company, to prove that several interests cannot conveniently fish for whales in one harbour, but that it would be beneficial if they fished in several harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 62. Reasons why several adventurers and stocks cannot fish whales together in one harbour, and why the great harbour of Bell Sound should be fished by a joint stock, being too large for particular adventurers.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
* "There are more losing than gaining voyages made, but once in 3 or 4 years the whales come in shoals, and then 300 or 400 tuns of oil are made more than can be brought home, and are left in the company's storehouses till next year"<br />
<br />
* "4. It will send all to the harbours already settled, and none will visit the 30 or 40 more harbours discovered, but where the company do not fish"<br />
<br />
<u>(Jan.31 (1654)) 65. Five propositions by Edw. Whitwell, for himself and others, for regulating and increasing the fishing in Greenland by free admission of all. [1 page.]</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 69. Reasons by Rich. Eccleston on behalf of the adventurers of Hull, why the Greenland trade should be free.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654)) 70. Arguments addressed to the Council for Trade by Thomas and Lancelot Anderson, Edw. Whitwell, and 3 others, for the free adventurers</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. ? (1654) 74. Petition of Fras. Ashe, Governor, and the Muscovy Company to the Protector.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.380]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 7 (1654) 18. Answers by Thos. Horth to the objections of the Muscovy company prefixed against his having 1/6 of the fishing</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.392]</ref><br />
<br />
* "3. That there can be more difficulty in the accounts than before, and he can prove that he is not insolvent, nor has purchased lands in his children's names, as several of the company have lately done, thus deceiving their just creditors; yet he has lost 30,000''l.'', 12,900 ''l.'' being within 18 months..."<br />
<br />
<u>Feb, 7. (1654) 19. Proposals made to the Protector by Edw. Whitwell and the Adventurers for Greenland in several stocks, concerning the late improvement by fishing in all the harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), pp.392-93]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 65. Notes of proceedings in the Committee on the Greenland trade. — 31 Jan., 7 Feb. and 24 Feb. 1654.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.419]</ref><br />
<br />
* "Urges therefore that no new adventurer of only 2 or 3 years' standing should now be admitted. London, Hull, and Yarmouth have at great cost and loss defended Bell Sound, Home Sound, Green Harbour, Cross<br />
Road, Mettle Bay, and Sir Thos. Smith's Bay, but the late intruders, Warner, Whitwell, &c, have for 2 years only sent into the company's harbours 2 or 3 small vessels, which not only refused to join them to keep out the French and Dutch, but brought in Dutch strangers to manage their stock and adventure, the consequences of which will be most dangerous to English navigation."<ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>(Feb. 24. (1654)) 66. I. Miles Corbet, by order of the Navy Committee, to Mr. Balines [M.P. for Yarmouth]. The Merchant Adventurers of London have petitioned that the Greenland trade will soon be lost by intrusion of the French, Dutch, and Biskeners, unless prevented by Parliament, who referred the petition to the Navy Committee</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 67. Reasons by Thos. Horth for furnishing the Greenland adventurers with a competent number of seamen, as they have to fight to defend the harbours, as well as to guard their ships, and must have 50 or 55 men on each ship, of whom 25 or 30 should be able seamen and the rest landsmen.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 68. Estimate of ships required to guard and fish in the English harbours in Greenland</u> <ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 69. List of the 55 present members of the Muscovy Company, adventurers for Greenland</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 70. List of 18 adventurers of Hull who join in the fishing.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
----<br />
===Trade and political rivalry===<br />
<br />
The Spitsbergen whale fisheries were fought over, commercially and physically, by the English, the Dutch, the French and the Spanish, amongst others (Appleby, 2008: 29-30, 33)<br />
<br />
By the early to mid C17th Appleby suggests that informal separate spheres of interest had been established, with the Dutch concentrating on the northern shores of the archipelago, and the English on "the bays and harbours of the south-west" (Appleby, 2008: 33)<br />
<br />
There was considerable rivalry between the English Muscovy company, which supposedly monopolised the Spitsbergen whale trade, and the English whalers of the port of Hull (Appleby (2008: 34)), and also the whalers of Yarmouth in Norfolk. Appleby suggests that Hull men were involved in the whale trade from an early date, rather than being latecomers, and had their own special islands and bays separate from the English Muscovy company (Appleby, 2008: 35, 37). The Yarmouth men claimed monopoly rights to supply Scottish customers with whale products.<br />
<br />
Hull interest in whaling dropped to nothing in the 1640s, though Hull claims to the trade were revived in the early 1650s, with a petition by independent traders to parliament in 1654, with attempt to gain access to Horn Sound and Bell Sound at Spitsbergen, which were considered comparatively ice free in the summer months (Appleby, 2008: 50-55)<br />
<br />
Attempt by English Muscovy company to perusade a newly appointed committe of the Council of Trade in early 1654 to restrict access to Bell Sound solely to the Muscovy Company, enforcing its claimed monopoly rights (Appleby, 2008: 53-55)<br />
<br />
''The underlying competition for access to the southern sounds and bays at Spitsbergen, an inherent characteristic of the trade since its earliest days, appears to have been intensified by the declining number of whales due to , particularly the onset of colder weather during the 1640s and beyond. Not only did this leave bays and harbours enveloped with ice for longer, cutting the hunting season, but also it may have contributed to increasing mortality among whales...According to the Company, even the "best Harbors make more loosing voyages than gayning, but once in 3,4, or 5 yeares the Whales Coming in plentifully by scoales."''<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 55, citing S.P. 18/65/62)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
The Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 caused severe disruption to English whalers in Spitsbergen, both independent and sent by the English Muscovy Company. "The evidence strongly suggests that the English struggled to send out more than a handful of vessels annually to Spitsbergen. By contrast, 70 Dutch ships were reportedly convoyed to Spitsbergen by three men-of-war during 1654.The following year between 24 and 50 French vessels apparently made 'great voyages' to the northern whaling grounds. In 1656 there seem to have been seven English ships at Spitsbergen, only one of which was from Hull...Although the Company's rights to the whaling trade were confirmed in January 1658, it was a hollow victory. By then the domestic market in England had been effectively captured by overseas competitors (Appleby, 2008: 57-58).<ref>Appleby cites C.S.P.D. 1657-58, 140-1, 161, 280, 343; Ashley, ''Financial and commercial policy'', 120; John C. Appleby. 'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), 36-7; [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 58, f.n. 169)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
----<br />
===Voyage and legal timeline, 1656 & 1657===<br />
<br />
'''April 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "(of the Greyhound) ''the sd ship sett sayle from Gravesend upon or about the fourteenth of Aprill 1656. & not before as they beleeve''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''June 1656'''<br />
<br />
<u>15th</u><br />
<br />
* "''hee heard the sayd Damerell on the fifteenth day of June 1656 command the Companye of the Owners Adventure to worke into the Ice with the other ffower shipps pr''e''deposed''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
<u>17th</u><br />
<br />
- "''heard him on the seaventeenth day commend the sayd Company to worke further into the Ice than the other fower shipps dud, both which commands hee saith the sayd Gosling and Maunfrie also heard and well understood" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "upon the 17th day of June aforesayd the sayd Gosling seeing and hearing the sayd Damerell command the sayd shipps Company to worke into the Ice than the other fower shipps did, the sayd Gosling ADD TEXT''" (HCA 13/71 ff.472r-472v)<br />
<br />
'''September 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "''y:e ship the Greyhound came back againe into the River of Thames & was here discharged upon or about the fowrteenth day of September 1656''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''December 1656'''<br />
<br />
Depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>18th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of John Ely (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>23rd</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of Thomas Damerell (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>29th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of John Colvile (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''January 1657'''<br />
<br />
Further depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>3rd</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of William Clarkson (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
<u>16th</u><br />
<br />
The "personall Answeres of Richard Batson Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay Made to the Allegation apud Arla and Schedule given in on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others" (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
<u>29th</u><br />
<br />
Deposition of Richard Kirton (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''February 1667'''<br />
<br />
<u>?8th</u><br />
<br />
"The personal Answeres of Richard Batson Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue made to the prsuance of an All:on given in ag:t him in behalfe of Edward Gosling & Richard Mandrye" (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
<u>13th</u><br />
<br />
"The psonall Answeres of Richard Batson made to the posicons of an All:on ag:t him on the behalfe of Edward Gosling in the Cause of wages" (HCA 13/128)<br />
----<br />
===Wages===<br />
<br />
HCA 13/128 contains further HCA suits relating to Batson con Gosling. They include a suit for wages, brought by Edward Gosling, the masters mate of the Owners Adventure, against Richard Batson. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
They also include a suit for wages brought by crew of the ''Greyhound'', the pinke which went with the ''Owners Adventure'' on the ill fated voyage to Spitsbergen in the summer of 1656. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
The suit brought by the crew of the Greyhound (described as "on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others") contains a schedule of wages which the defendants accept as that agreed at the hiring of the crew:<br />
<br />
"''they answere & beleeve all the parties allegate were hyred to serve in the vessell the Greyhound allegate by order of these rendents as they beleeve for the wages expressed in the schedule annexed to these rendents answeres and noe more as they beleeve for a fishing voiage to be made in the sd vessell for Greeneland''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>The Schedule</u><br />
<br />
The schedule menconed in the Answeres<br />
<br />
Henry ffreeman for twelve pounds whereof<br />
recd three pounds in money before he went<br />
out & fower shills & ten pence more unpon Cloathes<br />
soe in case he had pformed the voiage in Greenland<br />
as he might to have done there remaine<br />
<br />
8:li - 15 - 2<br />
<br />
John Burgen for fifteene pounds whereof recd<br />
three pounds before he went out & stwo shill and<br />
two oence upon cloathes so in case he had pformed<br />
his voiage to Greeneland as he ought tp have done<br />
there remaines<br />
<br />
11:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 10<br />
<br />
John Gold for five pounds wherof recd twenty<br />
shills, and one pound. two shills & six pence in cloaths<br />
so in case he had gone to Greenland and<br />
there pformed what he ought to have done there had<br />
remained<br />
<br />
2:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 6<br />
<br />
Nicholas Taylor at Thirty five shillings p<br />
moneth whereof recd before hee went out<br />
Thirty five shill and in cloathes Three shill<br />
fower pennce, and he was in the ship from the<br />
14:th of Aprill 1656; which is five moneths soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 16 - 8<br />
<br />
Thomas ffrost shipped at thirty nyne shills per<br />
moneth whereof recd one moneths pay before<br />
his foeing out & fifteene shills foure pence for cloathes<br />
& was in the ship the time aforesd, soe thre remaines<br />
in case he had pformed the voiage as he ought to<br />
have done<br />
<br />
7:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
John Clarke shipped at thirty Eight shill p moneth<br />
whereof recd one pound Eighteene shill before his goeing out & one pound two shill . eight pence for<br />
cloathe, & was in the ship the time aforesd soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 09 - 4<br />
<br />
Dennis Yarmouth shipped at thirty foure shill<br />
p moneth recd one pound fowerteene shills<br />
before his departure, & fifteene shill foure<br />
pence for cloathes & was in the shipp the<br />
tyme aforesd, soe there remaines in case<br />
hee had pformed his voiage as he ought<br />
<br />
6:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
RICHARD BATSON [His signature]<br />
H BEANE ?Esqr [His signature]<br />
GUW GOULEGAY (sic) [His signature]"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
Care needs to be taken when assessing mariners wages and incomes, given the prevalence of side deals, and also the opportunity for private trade. Whaling is no exception.<br />
<br />
In his personal answer to Edward Gosling's claim for wages, Richard Batson revealed an incentive scheme for harpooners, steersmen and rowers:<br />
<br />
"''he answereth & beleeveth that upon every ?thirteene tonne of oyle well made & boiled in Greenland & not otherwise as hee beleeveth there is out of every ?thirteene tonns of oile due to the harponiers stiersman & Rowers the sum of fifteene pounds & not above as he beleeveth & soe afte the same ppocon for a lesser quantity of tonnes but how the same was to be directed amongst them this rendent knoweth not''" (HCA 13/128: Answer of Richard Batson: Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: 13th February 1666(67))<br />
----<br />
==Depositions==<br />
<br />
===1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 18/12/1656<br />
<br />
'' "the sayd Damarell sawe some fish spoute among the Ice neere where the sayd shipp lay and cryed out to the Company a whale a whale and commanded the sayd Maundrey and Gosling and the rest of the harponeeres to manne their shallops and make after the sayd ffish which they did, and comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are; which the Company having discovered did not strike at the sayd fish..."''<ref>Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.464r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 29/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''did expect that the sayd Damarall the Master would have given order to have wrought the sayd shipp further into the Ice or at least made her fast to the Ice" ''<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.469r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''"<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 03/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===X. Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 23/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''hee knoweth of noe difference which happened betwixt the sayd Damerell and Gosling or Maundry save the difference and ill language by him this deponent before mentioned, which difference did (in this deponents Judgment) arise by the sayd Damerells wilfullnesse and rashnesse in desyring and Commanding his shipps company to worke the sayd shipp further into the Ice than other shipps would and did adventure, and by his provoaking the sayd Gosling with ill language as aforesayd''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Maundrie and Gosling and this deponent and others of the Company of the Owners Adventure did pursue the whale in this article mentioned, eight or tenn howers togeather, the sayd Gosling and one Richard Parker the Boatswaine of the Owners Adventure and ˹william humphrey˺ having as harponeeres stricken the sayd whale and fastned their warps, and the sayd whale notwithstanding ranne soe fast into a growne Sea and towed the boates who pursued her soe fast, that they were in danger to bee cast away by and to sheere under water by the swiftenesse of the whales motion, which was soe speedy that the shipp owners Adventure had much a doe with the helpe of a XXXX gale of winde to followe the shallopps or boates soe fast as the whale towed or runne with them, And hee saith that after the sayd shipps Company had soe longe persued the sayd whale and the sayd Goslings harpeing Iron breakeing out of the whale and the sayd Gosling having come about along thXXXX and not being able to fasten ˹his harpeing Iron˺ againe did take holde of other shallops and helpe them to hinder the whales motion, but all proveing ineffectual to the takeing of her by reason of the growne Sea ˹and the swiftnesse of the whale in question˺ the sayd Damerell seeing noe hopes of takeing the sayd whale, did call to the sayd Richard Packer and bidd him cut his warpe (which still continued fast to the whale) and come on board, And this deponent being one who rowed in the sayd Maundeys shallop or boate and helped to pursue the sayd whale, thereby well knoweth that the sayd Gosling Maundry and the rest of the sayd shipps Company who pursued the sayd whale did as much as possibly could bee done to kill the sayd whale, and did not in any thing disb disobey the Command of the sayd Damerell touching the pursuiXt and chase of ˹her˺ soe farr as this deponent could and did observe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471v</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Mr Beane did in the presence of the arlate Mr Batson and in the sayd Batsons Counteing house tender unto this deponent a paper which the sayd Batsons man brought ready written with the names of severall of the Owners Adventures Company subscribed thereto, which writeing did imparte ˹thus or the like in effect videlicet˺ that the refusall of the sayd shipps Company to obey the Commands of the sayd Damerall was the cause of the Overthrowe of the voyage in question, and the sayd Beane and Batson desyred this deponent to sett his hand to the sayd noat, and told him if hee would subscribe the same they would doe more for him this deponent than they had done for any other of the subscribers, but this deponen having perused and read some part of the sayd paper and knowing the contents thereof to bee false, refused to subscribe thereto''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth)had not promised to pay him his wages, hee woukd have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
- ''"did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage"''<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.479r</ref><br />
----<br />
===Deposition of Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question aged fifty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 01/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===6. Richard Kirton of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Overseer of the Landsmen in the XXXX XXXX XXXXX aged forty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made in 29/01/1656 (i.e. modern 1667)<br />
----<br />
==People linkage data==<br />
<br />
<u>Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, marriage register, 1640-1692</u>_<br />
<br />
'''Damerell''' (and variants)<br />
<br />
"1652. Aug. 14 William Damerell of Lymehouse, Marriner & Elizabeth Berwick. M."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Trinity House of Deptford</u><br />
<br />
"381. [Before 4 Feb. 1630] James Moyer, William Knight, Bence Johnson, Daniel Gatts and James Dammarell [to Trinity House. See 382.]<br />
<br />
Trinity House are asked to establish a consul in this port of Leghorn. The post being void and leaving no one to speak for them, 'our' nation is much slighted by the ministers of the duke [of Tuscany], and 'much exacted upon' to the prejudice of shipping coming to the port. Morgan Read is willing to accept the place, being honest and able, of good repute with the duke, with sufficient means, and much respected by shipmasters and merchants. He has promised to write to Trinity House about the post [380]."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63926 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 2: 1630', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 106-112], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
"228. [f.78v. ? Before 15 March 1625] Shipmasters and owners to Trinity House [See 229–30.]<br />
<br />
In 1617, the writers agreed to an imposition of £1,000 a year for 2 years to suppress Turkish pirates and to ensure more safety in trade and southern navigation. Trinity House promised that it would be levied for only 2 years. It has now continued for 4 years and double the agreed sum has been paid (namely £4,000), but they are still liable. Trinity House are requested to petition the duke of Buckingham to end the imposition. Bernard Motam, Thomas Browne, William Reickes, John Tomson, William Goodlard, John Hide, George Lissant, William Ball, Thomas Breadcake, James Ireland, Robert Tockly, Thomas Tomson, Humphrey Sallowes, William Craiford, John Wetherly, Edward Robertes, Thomas Davis, '''James Damarell''', Tristram Wise, John Badiley, John Miller, John Goodwyn, William Peirson, Thomas Nicholles, John Mote, John Lingwood, Robert Bence, Robert Swyer, John Wharey, Thomas Martin, Thomas Gibbes, Roger Twiddy, Anthony Tichen, William Knight, John Ewers, Daniel Cadman, Henry Tawton, Anthony Wood, James Moyer, John Dennis, George Bodham, John Jenken, Edmond Grove, Richard Cooper, William Bushell, John Gibbs, Richard Hooper, Edward Acworth, John Hemmens, Richard Rassell, Squier Bence, William Grove, Jeremy Cornellis, Thomas Nelmes, John Gibbens, George Browne, John Bence, John Mason, Matthew Barret, Richard Broomfeild, Peter Milborn, Roger Sherman, George Clarckson, John Swanton, Robert Bowers, Edward Gardener, William Eeles, Matthew Wood, Richard Chamlet, William Mellowe, Thomas Addison, Thomas Sherwyn, John Andrewes, Thomas Foarde, William West, William Hill, John Ellman, William Low, Christopher Dunn, Henry West, John Stafford, William Smith, John Lowe, Robert Williams, John Arnold, William Goose, Richard Cole, John Johnson, William Smith, Henry West, Thomas Battell, Henry Page, John Bundocke, John Graunt, Martin Errington, John Sayer, John Doves, John Norwood, James Peterson, John Arnold, John Low, William Greene, Thomas Chall, Robert Rypinge, Nicholas Bradshow, Jonas Pereman, Thomas Montinge."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63920 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 1: 1624-5', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 58-65.], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
==C17th and later maps==<br />
<br />
Edges’ map of "Greenland" (Spitzbergen), ca. 1611<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Petermann, Augustus, 'Map of the Sea of Spitzbergen', to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1797955.pdf?acceptTC=true Petermann, Augustus, Map of the Sea of Soitzbergen, to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
----<br />
===Primary sources===<br />
----<br />
====BL====<br />
<br />
'''Cotton MS Appendix LIX''': Title: James Hall, Account of the Danish expedition to Greenland, 2 May–10 August 1605, including ‘A tophigraphicall discription of the land as I did discover the same’ (7r–v) and ‘The forme and maner of the langage ussid amonges their savage people’ (English–Inuit glossary) (10r–v)<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/68''': Title: 68. Notes concerning the question between the Dutch and English touching the fishery upon the coast of Greenland. fo. 402.<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/69''': Title: 69. "The Humble Peticion and Remonstrance of the Fellowshippe of English Merchants for discovery of newe Trade's, concerning their priviledges, the supportinge of the Trade to Russia, and the Whale fishinge at Greeneland and in the Northern Seas... Date: Unspecified<br />
<br />
'''Sloane MS. 3986, ff. 78v, 79-79v''' (and others)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====IGI====<br />
<br />
<u>Selection of Damerell records, Stepney, 1630-1670</u><br />
<br />
Variants: Damerell, Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dameryll; Dumerill;<br />
<br />
Joanna Damerell; bap. 20 May 1650; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Andrew Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 18 May 1651<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Joanna Damerell, 20 May 1650; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
James Damerell; bap. 02 Aug 1651; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Thomas Damerell; mother: Judith<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), James Damerell, 02 Aug 1651; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
Elizabeth Damerell; bap. 29 Oct 1656; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: William Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 29 Sep 1657 <ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Elizabeth Damerell, 29 Oct 1656; citing reference, FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
Mary Damerell ; bap. 06 Oct 1667; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Henry Damerell; mother: Susan<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Mary Damerell, 06 Oct 1667; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
----<br />
====London Metropolitan Archives====<br />
<br />
<u>Saint Mary Magdalene, Bermondsey: Bermondsey Street, Southwark</u><br />
<br />
Register of baptisms, marriages and burials Volume P71/MMG/3 1603-1642 (microfilm X102/004)<br />
<br />
Register of baptisms, marriages and burials Volume P71/MMG/4 1653-1676 (microfilm X97/222)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====TNA====<br />
<br />
'''C''' (Chancery)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/125Pt1/24''' Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman. Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652.<br />
<br />
'''C 6/134/15''' Short title: Batson v Colvile. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne. Defendants: Robert Colvile, John Colvile and William Clarkson. Subject: money matters. Document type: answer only. 1657<br />
<br />
- CSG: There is a very good chance that the above Chancery case involves two of the three partners of Richard Batson and Company and two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others"<br />
<br />
- CSG: Gowen Goldagne (and variants of that name) is mentioned in HCA 13/71 f.479r; there is also a mention of "Mr. Covell" (one of the owners of the Owners Adventure) (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
Two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others" are William Clarkson (Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex, Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine), and John Colville (Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/136/169''' Short title: Watkins v Merchants of London. Plaintiffs: Mary Watkins widow. Defendants: Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies [East India Company] and Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, London, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657<br />
----<br />
'''E''' (Exchequer)<br />
<br />
'''E 178/5525''': NORFOLK: Yarmouth Certificate as to the accounts of the profits of a voyage to Greenland (Hoarth v. Attorney-General and Lady Slingsby). 9 Chas. I.<br />
<br />
'''E 134/8&9Chas1/Hil5''': Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth (Norfolk), merchant. v. William Noy (Attorney-General), Dame Margaret Slingsby, widow.: Grant by Letters Patent by Chas. 1. to Nath. Edwards of the privilege of fishing and the "setting out ships for the getting of fish and making of oils in Greenland for the furnishing of Scotland with that commodity," assigned by Edwards to the plaintiff. Touching the detention of plaintiff's ships at Great Yarmouth by the water bailiff, &c., &c.: Norfolk. 8 & 9 Chas 1<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''HCA''' (High Court of Admiralty)<br />
<br />
'''HCA 13/128'''<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656 (modern 1657)]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-5933812a00d3bda4ac6eec3c6c312f8c8b80164a|Allegation: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue (als. Goldeye): Date: Feb ?8th 1656]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-327a88fee2bc48d8911dc233747ff50a9997d516|Case: XXXX: Personal answeres: Edward Goslin & XXX XXXXXX: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''PROB''' (Prerogative Court of Canterbury)<br />
<br />
'''PROB 4/10611''': Inventory; Serjent, Thomas, of Barking, London, ob. in Greenland, batcheler: 1675 1 Oct.<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/160/460''': Will of James Damerell, Mariner of Stepney, Middlesex; 24 October 1631<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/269/534''': Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London; 14 November 1657<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/297/85''': Will of Elias Ely, Mariner of Saint Thomas Hospital, Surrey; 21 March 1660<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/298''': Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/362''': Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey; 14 January 1680; Bath 1-59<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/373/446''': Will of William Clarkson, Shipwright of Romford, Essex; 18 August 1683<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/424''': Will of Richard Batson, Cutler; June 16th 1667; Carr 59-116 CHECK REFERENCE<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/461/57''': Will of John Ely, Mariner of Stepney, Middlese; 01 July 1701<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/524/234''': Will of John Pybus, Mariner of East Greenwich, Kent; 02 November 1711<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/5/78''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/6/3''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 36/2''': Name of deceased: Hull, Rachel Stepney, Middx Case title and other data: Damerell con Baker; 1674<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''SP''' (State Papers)<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/60''': The Case of many Freemen of England that have adventured and desire to adventure, to fish in Greenland (petition to parliament, January 1654)<br />
<br />
- See Appeby, 2008: 51<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/61-67''':Collection of papers relating to whaling cited by Appleby, 2008<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 5''': Order of the Council for Trade that for this year Bell Sound and Horn Sound shall be reserved for the Company of Merchant Adventurers to Greenland and the rest of the harbours left free for all other Englishmen. Copy. 1650/1 Mar. 3<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 8-12''': The proceedings at the Council for Trade, between the Muscovia Company, Monopolizers of the trade of Greenland, and others, Adventurers thither, for a Free Trade: Printed: [1651]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 15-16''': Petition of the Muscovia Company Adventurers to Greenland stating that their right to the sole fishing in Bell Sound and Horn Sound, Greenland, had been infringed and asking the Council to resolve the matter. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 17-18 ''': Reasons why the Muscovia Company should have priority in, if not the whole of, the fishing in Greenland: Copy. 1651/2 Jan.<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 19-20 ''': The names of the Adventurers in the present joint stock for Greenland. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 23-24''': Description of the present state of the Greenland fishing and the methods employed, and conclusions drawn therefrom [by the Muscovia Company]. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 141''': Petition to the Committee for Foreign Affairs by Thomas Horth asking that no decision should be taken on the suggestions of the Greenland Company until his answers thereto have been considered. (Enclosure at f.145): [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 143-144''': Answers of Thomas Horth to the claims of the Greenland Company. 1649 Dec. 31<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 145''': Answer, given to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, by Thomas Horth in reply to the Muscovia or Greenland Company: (Enclosure to f.141). [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/272''': Placaet ende Verbodt. Forbidding the export of fishing and whaling equipment The Hague, Hillebrant van Wouw, 1665 (in Dutch language)<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/326''': Placcaet. Forbidding navigation and whaling in and around Greenland in 1673 The Hague, Jacobus Scheltus, 1673 (in Dutch language)<br />
----<br />
<br />
====Printed====<br />
<br />
Pelham, Edward, ''God's Power and Providence'' (?London, 1631)<br />
<br />
- Account of first English wintering in Spitsbergen in 1630-31<br />
<br />
de La Peyrère, Isaac, ''Histoire du Groenland'' (XXXX, XXXX)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Secondary sources===<br />
<br />
Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', ''HMAP Asia Project Paper'', no. 161, October 2009<ref>[http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp161.pdf Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', HMAP Asia Project Paper, no. 161, October 2009)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Appleby, John C.,'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), pp. 29-49<br />
<br />
Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', ''The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord'', XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Bourne, Arthur G., 'Exploitation of the Small Whales in the North Atlantic', Oryx / Volume8 / Issue03 / December 1965, pp 185-193; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300004531 (About DOI), Published online: 24 April 2009<br />
<br />
Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Toolika Rastogi, Moira W Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654, 10.1139/z04-146], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Brito, Cristina, 'Medieval and Early Modern Whaling in Portugal', Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2011, pp. 287-300(14)<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Brito, Cristina, 'Medieval and Early Modern Whaling in Portugal', Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2011, pp. 287-300(14)], viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, ''The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex'' (Private printing, 1899)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n5/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/n7/mode/2up Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)], Internet Archive, viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''No man's land: a history of Spitzbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country'' (Cambridge, 1906)<br />
<br />
Hacquebord, Louwrens, 'Three 17th century whaling stations in southeastern Svalbard: an archaeological missing link', ''Polar Record'', 24 (1988), pp. ?-?<br />
<br />
van Holk, A.G.F. (ed.), ''Early European exploitation of the Northern Atlantic 800-1700'' (Groningen, 1981)<br />
<br />
Jackson, Gordon, ''The British whaling trade'' (London, 1978)<br />
<br />
Jenkins, James Travis, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n7/mode/2up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Ch. 1: A history of the whale fisheries (pp.11-38)<br />
Ch. 2: The economics of whaling (pp.39-58)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, ''The Arctic: a history'' (Stroud, 1994)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, 'Bowhead whaling in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during the 18th and 19th Centuries', ''Polar Record'' / Volume23 / Issue144 / September 1986, pp 289-299; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400007117 (About DOI), Published online: 27 October 2009<br />
<br />
White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/collectionofdocu00whitrich#page/n7/mode/2up White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)], viewed 15/10/12</ref></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=C17th_Arctic_whaling&diff=78368C17th Arctic whaling2012-10-19T13:53:45Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
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<div>'''C17th Arctic whaling'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
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'''15/10/12''': CSG created page<br />
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'''Purpose of this page'''<br />
<br />
This week (W/C 15/10/12) Jill's, Colin's and William's teams are working on a case involving a failed whaling adventure to the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 1656 ("'''Batson against Goslin and others'''")<br />
<br />
We plan to publish a blog article on the case, placing it in a broader context of the whaling fisheries off Spitsbergen (alt. Spitzbergen) in the 1650s. (The first thing to note is that C17th "Greeneland" is what we now call "Spitsbergen")<br />
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Jill, Colin and William would like to encourage their team members to use this page to share quotes, and to explore places, people and activities mentioned in the pages they are transcribing<br />
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__TOC__<br />
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==Suggested links==<br />
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==Mentioned in case==<br />
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===Animals and technology===<br />
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[[File:WP_Fax_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574.png|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Boyler'''<br />
<br />
'''Cape whale'''<br />
<br />
- The two whales captured by the Owners Adventure in 1656 are described as "cape whales" (HCA 13/128, no foliation)<br />
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'''Furnace'''<br />
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- "''this rendent beleeveth that the Dutch & ffrench having their ships usually fitted with furnaces & other materialls in their ships, & not being prmitted to have the freedome of harbors there, in Greeneland fish at sea but this rendent beleeveth that the use with the English is the contrary''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX; HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041]], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Jubartas'''<br />
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- "''comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are''" (HCA 13/71 f.464r)<br />
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'''Launce'''<br />
<br />
- After a whale had been exhausted from a pursuit by its hunters in multiple shallops, the hunters approached the whale on the surface and struck it with lances<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 26)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Pinke'''<br />
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- "''did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.479r)<br />
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'''Right whale'''<br />
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- The species favoured off Spitsbergen by early C17th whalers of all European nations, given that it was calm, slow moving, and floated when dead.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 24)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
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'''Sea horse''' (?walrus)<br />
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- "(on Hope Island) ''the dutch having killed about a hundred sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''about twenty butts of blubber of sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
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'''Shallop''' (small boat)<br />
<br />
Question...<br />
In the deposition I am working n the deponent states that he and his company 'did put out their boates and worke the sayd shipps in to the Ice about eight or ˹seven˺ leagues as did alsoe fower other English shipps which were then in Company with the Owners Adventure and Greyhound, and after the sayd shipps had all sixe of them wrought soe farr into the Ice, the Ice then proving to bee somewhat thick this deponent ordered his Companyes of his two vessells...to make fast too great Ice peeces of Ice and lash their vessells fast board and board to the shipps of Mr Golding and Mr Welch being two of the other fower English shipps aforesayd, who had alsoe cause their Companys to make fast their too shipps to the same peece of ice and the sayd shipps being soe fastened, they all laye there for some tyme then when the Ice would open as usually it doth' f.479v<br />
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I was wondering how the above idea of 'working into the ice' works? Does anyone know? Would the ships/boats just have tried to ram through the ice with their prows, or would the sailors have used special technology/techniques? Laura<br />
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===Crews===<br />
<br />
Appleby, writing of the Hull whalers in the early C17th, states that:<br />
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"''unfortunately the men who served aboard these vessels, who formed part of the first generation of English whalemen, are almost invisible. Little evidence survives for the manning of, or recruitment to, Hull whaling ships; nor is much known about conditions of work, discipline and pay.''" (Appleby, 2008: 45)<br />
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Appleby also states that little is known about the Hull and York merchants who promoted and financed the whaling trade in the early C17th (Appleby, 2008: 46-47)<br />
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* CSG: We have an opportunity to use the case and depositions of Batson against Goslin and others to elucidate the social character and organisation of a London financed whaling adventure from the mid-1650s, at a time when English whaling off Spitsbergen was in disarray, facing exceptionally strong competition from the Dutch (and to a lesser extent the French)<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that Hull whaling masters may previously have served on similar voyages as mates and harpooners, and cites "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the ''Adventure'' of Hull in 1656" who "had served under other masters on five previous voyages to Spitsbergen, and as "Master & harponeere" on another eleven" (Appleby, 2008: 46), Appleby's primary source for this is our very own HCA 13/71, and "Mr. Pybus" is one of the four other whaling captains of "London shipps" mentioned by the deponents in ''Batson against Goslin and others.''<br />
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Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, he suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men. Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)<br />
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* CSG: It will be interesting to compare the wages and structure of wages stated in related HCA 13/128 litigation brought by Richard Gosling, Henry ffreeman and others against Batson et al., with Appleby's data.<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
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===People===<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Ashmore'''<br />
<br />
'''Richard Batson'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r).<br />
<br />
- Appears in other archival records sometimes as "Battison" (Batson & Company; Battison and Company).<br />
<br />
- Richard Batison and Company's interest in the Greenland fisheries may have been a substantial one, in terms both of capital commitment and activity. He was certainly active in sending out whaling ships prior to 1656. Moreover, he employed men with extensive experience of the trade. For example, Robert Kirton, hired as overseer of the land men, stated in his deposition that he had "gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland."<ref>HCA 13/71 f.501r</ref> However, is unclear whether Humphrey Beane and Gowen Gold(e)gay, his partners in the 1656 adventure involving the Owners' Adventure and the Greyhound, were long term partners in this trade.<br />
<br />
When the Yarmouth merchant and whaler, Thomas Horth (alt. Howarth), proposed in ?1654 that English merchants should supply 3000 tons and 500 men for the Greenland fisheries, he pencilled in 200 tons for "Battison and partners." A further 300 tons were suggested for Whitwell and partners, 500 tons for unnamed Yarmouth merchants, and 1600 tons for unnamed London merchants.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.74, and more generally pp. 69-75]</ref> When certificates of exemption from the impress of harpooners and steersmen were issued in early 1654 a specific protection was issued Richard Batson and Company for fourteen harpooners.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/lastofmayflower00harriala#page/68/mode/2up Rendell Harris, The last of the 'Mayflower' (Manchester, 1920), p.69], citing CSPD, p.434, vol. i., 206,247: vol. i, 19, 22</ref><br />
<br />
- There is some evidence to suggest that Richard Batson was attracted to capital intensive, process oriented industrial activities, with a Richard Batson, merchant, and a partner and fellow merchant, Edmond Lewin, acquiring a glass house in Goodman's Yard, the Minories, in 1651. As always, with prosopographical resconstruction, it is hard to be certain that all the identities are congruent.<ref>[http://www.cbrain.mistral.co.uk/minories.htm 'Minories or Goodman's Yard Glass House', web article], viewed 17/10712]</ref><br />
<br />
- The Batson of HCA 13/71 may be Richard Batson, citizen and cutler (b. ?, d. ca. 1667), whose daughter married John Bendish, son of Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador to Constantinople (a friend of Sir George Oxenden).<ref>Possible will [[MRP: Richard Batson will|PROB 11/424 Carr 59-116, Will of Richard Batson, Cutler, June 16th 1667]]</ref> J.R. Woodhead (1966) provides a sketchy outline of Richard Batson, the cutler.<ref>'Batson, Richard', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s43 J.R. Woodhead, 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Humfrey Beane'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Probably Humphrey (alt. Humfry) Beane (b. ?1613, d. 1679/80), of Ebisham (alt. Epsom), Surrey. J. R. Woodhead characterises him as a cordwainer, available at the Turkey Walk on the Exchange. A dissenter, he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Woodhead, drawing on CHW Mander (1931:82n.), states that Humphrey Beane had "great interest in Greenland whale fisheries."<ref>'Beane, Humphrey' in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s51 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 28/04/12); CHW Mander, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Guild of Cordwainers of the City of London (1931), p 82 n; PROB 11/362 Bath 1-59 Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey 14 January 1680</ref><br />
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- CSG: The daughter and heiress of Humphrey Beane, cordwainer, Elizabeth, married by 1667 (Sir) John Parsons (b.1639, d.1717) of Well Close Square, Ratcliffe, Middlesex, and the Priory, Reigate. Humphrey Beane's residence is given by Cruickshank ''et al.'' (XXXX), as "of Sr. Mary Axe, London, and Epsom, Surr."<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B_92tjio4vIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=beane+cordwainer&source=bl&ots=GN_m4aD-m-&sig=L_KE-xEPqnaFNMlPUx3XUtyIbrA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4J9UNf-PMKS0QWh24Bo&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=beane%20cordwainer&f=false Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley (eds.), The House of Commons, 1690-1715, vol. 5., members O-Z (Cambridge, XXXX), p.105], viewed 16/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mathew Boulding''' (alt. Bowlding)<br />
<br />
- Harpooneere (HCA 13/71 f.485v)<br />
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'''XXXX Chantry''' (alt. Chantrie)<br />
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'''Mr. Child'''<br />
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- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
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'''William Clarkson'''<br />
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- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
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- Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex<br />
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- Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine<br />
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'''John Colville'''<br />
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- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
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- Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
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- "hee was Gunner of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question, and hath not commenced any action ag''ains''t the Interrogate Batson Beane and Golderne or any of them for wayges for t{he} voyage ˹in question˺ nor intendeth to commence any unlesse hee bee enforced thereunto by their uniust dealeings in denying to pay him what is due to him" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
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'''Thomas Damerell'''<br />
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- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
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- Master of Owners Adventure, and "commander, director and orderer of the Greyhound" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
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- Mariner, of Lymehouse, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex; aged 37 in December 1656, so b. ca. 1619 (one year before Sir George Oxenden (b.1620, d. 1669))<br />
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- Damerell is a name which shows considerable orthogarphical variation, and subsequent further variation through probable mistranscription,for example: Damerell; Damarall; Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell;Dameryll; Dumerill<br />
<br />
- A number of male and female Damerells (and name variants) appear in the records of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney, in the 1630 to 1670 period, including children born to a Thomas Damerell.<br />
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- Several of the male Stepney Damerells are identified as mariners of Limehouse. Probate was granted in October 1631 to Rachel Damerell, wife of James Damerell, of Limehouse, in the parish of Stepney, who was identified as mariner "deceased abroad."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/yearbooksofproba01cantuoft#page/78/mode/2up 'Will (106 St. John), probate Oct. 24 1631' in John Mathews, George F. Mathews (eds.), Abstracts of probate acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (London, 1902), p. 78], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref> The marriage of a William Damerell, "marriner", of Lymehouse, Stepney, appears in the printed marriage records the parish of Saint Dunstan's in the month of August 1652.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- A "Thomas Damarell" is listed in a September 1650 petition to the Naval Commisioners as a mariner on the ''Adventure'', under the command of Captain Wyard<ref>Reference states: Also Vol. XI., No. 34. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54366 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Volume 11: September 1650', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1650 (1876), pp. 320-365.]</ref><br />
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- Casual inspection of varied records suggests that "Damerell" may be a Devon name<br />
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'''John Ely'''<br />
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- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
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- Mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, county of Surrey, aged 28 in late 1656<br />
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'''Maurice ffoarde'''<br />
<br />
'''Henry ffreeman'''<br />
<br />
- Shipped on the Greyhound<br />
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- Lead name in wages suit against Batson ''et al'' on behalf of crew of the Greyhound (HCA 13/128)<br />
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'''XXXX Golding''' (alt. Goulding)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling shipp (described as one of four London ships, whose masters were Pybus, Golding, XXXX, and Child)<br />
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'''Gowen ?Golderne''' (alt. Goldagne; Goldegay; Goldgay)<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
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- CSG: Possibly Gowen Goldegay. Gowen Goldegay (b. ?1614, d. ca. 1657), of Whitefriars, City of London. 'Mr. Gowen Goldegay,' was appointed to 'a Committee for the Militia, of and within the Borough of Southwarke, and Parts adjacent within the Lines of Communication, on the South Side of the River of Thames, in the County of Surrey' in September 1647.<ref>Gowen Goldingay: Christening 04 Dec 1614 St Giles Cripplegate, London: Father: Edward Goldingay, IGI; PROB 11/269 Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London 14 November 1657 Ruthen 411-461, pp. 1-5</ref><br />
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'''Edward Gosling''' (alt. Goslin)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
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- "''hee hath knowne the sayd Goslin for these sixe or seaven yeares and gone in severall shipps with him severall voyages wherein the sayd Goslin hath served as Masters mate and observed that in all these voyages he behaved himselfe civilly and was carefull of his task committed to him and was reputed an able and experienced seaman and a man of good life and conversation''" (HCA 13/71 f.467r: Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares)<br />
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- "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v: Deposition of John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares)<br />
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- "''after the comming out of the Ice the sayd Gosling Maundrie Humphreys and others harponeeres had difference with the Master and refused to obey his Command about helpeing to kill the whale aforesayd''" (HCA 13/71 f.497r)<br />
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'''William Humfrey'''<br />
<br />
- Member of company of Owners Adventure and harpooner<br />
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<u>Detail of Smerenburg land station of the Noordsche Compagnie on Amsterdamøya Island, off northwest coast of West-Spitsbergen, Cornelis de Man, 1639</u><br />
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[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_De_Man_Cornelis_Smerenburg_1639_WiMed_CSG_DL_161012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Richard Kirton'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''[Richard Kirton] Overseer of the Land men of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound the voyage in question and was by his office to Oversee the land men of both the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound that they did their office and duty in cutting up and boyleing and orderring of such whales as should bee taken the sayd voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
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- "''"hee [Richard Kirton] having gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland knoweth that some of those voyages there hath bin little or noe Ice at all upon the Coast and therefore lesse danger than was the voyage in question''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
'''London whalers'''<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to look at the names of the independent or interloping London whalers, who competed in the 1650s with the "officially" sanctioned English Muscovy company. Scott, 1910: 73, suggests that there were 50 or 55 members of the Greenland company in the early 1650s, and an unspecified number of individual interlopers. He suggests that the interlopers posed as individuals, yet were in fact organised in small companies or partnerships.<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to compare the campaign of the whaling interlopers in the 1640s and the 1650s against the claimed monopoly rights of the Muscovy company with a similarly timed campaign by interlopers seeking to penetrate the East India trade. Non-conformism and a parliamentarian orientation had a role, it would appear, in both campaigns, though to what extent remains to be determined. East Indian interloping was complex, and should not be reductively associated with just one religious or political strand. Moreover, attitudes were labile in these changeable times.<br />
<br />
In the case of the whaling interlopers, Scott, 1910:73 has identifed "Edward Bushell & Co."as a recognised interloping company.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.73]</ref> Edward Bushell was also known for his involvement in the Portuguese, Brazilian and Barbados trade, in partnership with his brothers.<ref>Colin Greenstreet, unpublished paper, 2010, available from author</ref> He appears frequently in HCA records in the late 1640s and throughout the 1650s, often in the context of his involvement in the Portuguese Brazil company.<ref>For example: HCA 13/127, unfoliated: Case: XXXX: Answer: John & Edw:d Bushell on behalf of John Salmon: Date: June 26th 1655; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-15f816ae98a89a245d2ce02986e170c3de33f1d3|HCA 13/128, unfoliated: Allegation: Thomas Grant: Answers: Edward Bushell, Stephen White & John Crowder: Date: March 8th 1657]]</ref><br />
<br />
Edward Bushell, London merchant, was a partner of William Bird, London merchant. Both Bushell and Bird were dissenters, and both men had country residences in Hackney. However, Bushell's place of business being Little Saint Hellens, in the London parish of Saint Hellen's Bishopsgate, where he was recorded with eleven hearths in 1666.<ref>[[MRP: Hearth tax: London#fnref-50d3229265ba1e37418c1ae18f59679f939850da-289|London 1666 hearth tax returns]]. See also PROB 11/418 Box 1-45 Will of Edward Bushell, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 20 February 1694; PROB 11/444 Lort 45-91 Will of William Bird or Birde, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 26 March 1698</ref><br />
<br />
Assuming that Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay were long term partners of Richard Batson in whaling, then Batson and company, also had a dissenting and parliamentarian flavour. Humphrey Beane was a known dissenter, who was buried in Bunhill Fields, and Gowen Goldegay was involved in the Southwark militia.<br />
<br />
'''Richard Maundrie''' (alt. Maundrey or Manndery)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- CSG: Just possibly, Richard Maundrey was a mariner of Leigh, Essex. A Leigh resident of this name was recorded in a 1671 land transaction as the second son of John Mandry, a Leigh mariner.<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: D/DS 44/2: 3 July 1671]</ref> Furthermore, a John Maundrey, mariner, of Leigh, Essex, was recorded in the Essex session rolls of Michaelmas 1624 as being given a recognizance "for beating Richard Haddock's childe de Lee."<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: Q/SR 246/92; 11 September 1624]</ref> Speculatively, Richard Maundrey's putative father may have left a will proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1660, recording him as a mariner of Lee in the county of Essex.<ref>PROB 11/298: Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The Thames estuary town of Leigh (alt. Leigh-on-sea; Lee), together with the neighbouring Eastwood, was home in the early seventeenth century to a number of important mariner and merchant families.<ref>H.W.King, 'A sketch of the genealogy of the Purchas family', in Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, vol. 4 (Colchester, 1869), p. 169. The accompanying footnotes refer to Lawrence Moyer, mariner, whose grandson was Samuel Moyer, and whose family was subsequently connected to the Heathcotes; Robert Salman "a wealthy Merchant and Mariner, afterwards Master of the Trinity House", who died in 1641 and was buried in Leigh; William Goodlad of Leigh "Chief Commander of the Greenland Fleet" for twenty years, who was also Master of the Trinity House, and who died in 1639 and was buried in Leigh. "Ten or twelve of his family [Goodlad], all mariners, were contemporary with Purchas"; Captain Richard Haddock, a Master Mariner, who was a contemporary of Purchas; the maritime family of the Bonners at Leigh in the time of Purchas; Richard Harris of Leigh, an Elder Brother of Trinity House, who was buried at Leigh in 1628; the Hare family of Leigh, several of whom were mariners; Abraham Cocke of Limehouse, who had a disasterous expedition to the River Plate in the reign of Elizabeth; and Richard Chester, Esq., of Leigh, mariner, Elder Brother of the Trinity House, and Master of the Society in 1615, who was buried in 1632 in Leigh (Ibid, p.169)</ref> The town was located on north shore of the Thames estuary, just to the east of Benfleet and Canvey island, and about fifteen miles downstream of Tilbury and Gravesend. Samuel Purchas, author of the ''Pilgrimage'', was also a Leigh resident.<ref>Samuel Purchas, ''Purchase his Pilgrimage or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered from the Creation to this present, vol. 1, and Hakluytus Poshumus; or Puchas his Pilgrimes, containing the History of the World in Sea-Voyages, and Land Travels by Englishmen and others'', vols. 2-5 (5 vols, London, 1613-1625)</ref> For a profile of the town see [[MRP: Lee|Leigh (alias Lee), Essex]]<br />
<br />
- CSG: William Goodlad (b. c.1576, d. ?1639), was a resident of Leigh, where he was also buried. He had been active in the Greenland fisheries since at least 1620. Purchas (1625) printed a letter from Captain William Goodlard (sic), dated 8 July 1623, sent from Bell-sound (on Spitsbergen) to vice-admiral William Heley. The letter reported the capture of "three and thirtie" whales in the sound, a very superior result to that of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound in 1656.<ref>Purchas (1625 [1906]), vol. xiii, pp. 24–25; vol. xiv, pp. 106–7</ref> On his tombstone, awaiting the second coming of his saviour, he was described as "Capr. WILLIAM GOODLAD, Chiefe Commander of the Greenland Fleet XX [20] yeares, and Maister of the Trinity House in anno 1638"<br />
<br />
- CSG: It is plausible that other members of Leigh mariners families were involved in the Greenland fisheries, and it would merit research to see if any members of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound can definitely be linked to Leigh. In addition to the possible Maundry family connection, there is a possible Gostlin (alt. Gostling) family link, though this family name was more common in the C17th than that of Maundry.<ref>PROB 11/361 Will of Benjamine Gostlin, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 16 October 1679; King 125-176</ref><br />
<br />
- John Colvile, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure: "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)<br />
<br />
'''Richard Parker'''<br />
<br />
- Harpooner and boatswaine of the Owners Adventure<br />
<br />
- "''during such tyme as the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were at Sea after their comming out of the Ice as aforesayd on Richard Parker a harponeere and boat swaine of the Owners Adventure did fasten an Iron to a wale and the arlate humfreys fastened alsoe an other Iron to her and Gosling and Maundrie and other harponeeres made fast their boates to the sayd Parker and humfrey to helpe to tyre the whale with toweing, and after they had soe bin towed by her about twelve howers the sayd humfrey cut loose his warpe and hee and the sayd Gosling and Maundry and their boates Crews and the other harponeeres and their Crewes (all but the sayd Parker and his Crew) came aboard the Owners Adventure and left the sayd Parker fast to the whale and gave over the chase And the sayd Damerell askeing them why they came away being the sayd Parker continued fast to her whereto they answered that shee towed soe swiftly that they were not able to gett neere her to fasten any more Irons in her nor to lannce her ˹by reason˺ shee towed soe feircely and the sea was soe rough, and sayd shee could not bee killed or to that effect whereupon the sayd whale afterwards comming neere to the shipp side and Parker continueing fast to her the sayd Damerell asked the sayd Parker why hee did not cutt away alsoe, of to that effect whereupon the sayd Parker cutt away and came on board alsoe and lett the whale goe''" (HCA 13/71 f.500Av, f. 501r)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. (?John) Pybus''' (alt. Pibus)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
- Appleby identifies "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" (Appleby, 2008: 46). Appleby's source is HCA 13/71, ff.587r-588v. Pybus, by his own deposition, had served as master on five voyages to Spitsbergen and had been "master and harponeere" on an additional eleven voyages.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf John C. Appleby, 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p.46 and fn. 116]</ref><br />
<br />
- A certificate for protection from impress was issued on April 14, 1657 for "John Pibus, master, and 17 on the ''Damasell''"<ref>April 14 (1657). Protection from impress. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54509 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Warrants of the Protector and Council. ', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1656-7 (1883), pp. 580-588 ], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The forfeitures of a "John Pibus" were granted to the Duke of Ormond in 1661. The forfeitures were the consequence of his condemnation in the Admiralty Court for "having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces."<ref>Undated 1661. No. 8. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54683 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 47: Undated 1661', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1861), pp. 200-213.], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- A "Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich" was recorded in 1666 in a communication in May 1666 between the Masters and Wardens of Trinity House and the Naval Commissioners as being master of the ''Sovereign''<ref>May 9, 166. Trinity House. Adm. Papers. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54839 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 155: May 1-11, 1666', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6 (1864), pp. 374-393], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- Pybus is a name associated in the C16th and C17th with Yorkshire<br />
<br />
'''Edward Reynolds'''<br />
<br />
- Of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London<br />
<br />
- Cooper; Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question; aged fifty yeares<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Places===<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Bell Point and Bell Sound, from Edge's map, ca. 1611</u><ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_EXTRACT_Map_Edges_Greenland_ca1621_Travis_JT_1921_facp58_CSG_DL_IA_151012_copy.JPG|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Bell point''' (alt. "Bell Poynt") (HCA 13/71 f.463v, f. 469v, f.474v)<br />
<br />
- "''neere Bell Point''" (HCA 13/71 f.469v)<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Pointe in Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
'''Bell sound'''<br />
<br />
- "''"the shipp was gone too farr Northwards of the harbour of Bell sound''" (HCA 13/71 f.465r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellsund Bellsund]<br />
<br />
- See Appleby, 2008: 53-54, citing S.P. 16/65/61: Claim by English Muscovy Company that "Bell Sound was too small to support the whaling activities of different interests. Covering a region of about seven miles in breadth, and ten in length, between 30 and 40 well-manned shallops were "''sufficient to fish that Harbour if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many whales as if there were doble the Nomber of boats''""<br />
<br />
'''Blackwall'''<br />
<br />
- "''all which when it was boyled at Blackwall after the retourne home of the sayd shipps from the sayd voyage, amounted to eighteene Tonnes of oyle or thereabouts''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd shipps Owners Adventure and Greyhound returned home onely with as much bloober as made (when it was boyled at Blackwall) eighteene tonns and upwards of oyle and the finns of two whales''" /HCA 13/71 f.500Av)<br />
<br />
* CSG: Worth exploring what can be found about whale oil processing at Blackwall and Blackwall docks in 1650s<br />
<br />
- The English East India Company leased (1653), then sold (1655) the Blackwall docks to the shipwright Henry Johnson, who had been apprenticed to Phineas Pett, the Royal shipwright at Deptford<ref>'The Years of Expansion: Henry Johnson, senior, and Blackwall Yard, 1653–83', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46533'CHAPTER XIX - Blackwall Yard', Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Blackwall Yard: Development, to c.1819', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 553-565],viewed 15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- The Survey of London has provides some limited details of commercial and industrial activities in the mid to late C17th. Mention is made of a ropeyard on the west side of Blackwall Causeway, of several ship building and repair yards, a wharf and warehouses, but no whale processing activities are described.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46532 'Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Old Blackwall', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 548-552], viewed15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/image.aspx?compid=46532&filename=fig211.gif&pubid=369 Plan of Old Blackwall and Coldharbour, 1740]<br />
<br />
'''Darke Cove''' (HCA 13/71 f.477v)<br />
<br />
'''Greene harbour'''<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Sound or Greene harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nfjorden Grønfjorden]<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Spitzbergen and surrounding seas, from Augustus Petermann (1853)</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Sea_Of_Spitzbergen_Petermann_A_JRGSoc_1853_vol23_Betwp130_131_FreeJournal_CSG_DL_151012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Greeneland'''<br />
<br />
- "''at Greeneland the Ice doth usually open and shutt, and men that goe thither when great yeares of Ice are most watch their opportunitie to get into harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitsbergen]<br />
<br />
'''Hope islands''' (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''the backside of Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
'''Point Negro''' (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
- "''Point Negro being a Point to the Eastward beyond darke Cove''" (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
'''Port of Bell point'''<br />
<br />
'''the West Ice'''<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Damerell say that the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were designed first for the West Ice which is called commonly Greane land, and there to goe to the Coast of Greeneland to fish in any place according to his the sayd Damerells direction''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Ships===<br />
<br />
'''The Owners Adventure'''<br />
<br />
'''The Greyhound'''<br />
<br />
Four other '''"London shipps"'''<br />
<br />
- "(Thomas Damarell) ''hee knoweth the arlate Pybus ?Nelsy Child and Golding and saith they are all acconpted able sea men, and men that have used the Greeneland trade of fishing for many yeares, and accompted to bee well experienced therein''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
----<br />
==Themes==<br />
----<br />
===Arctic navigation and conditions===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Pybus his shipp by her goeing into the Ice at the same tyme and place (though notsoe farr as the Owners Adventure did) was soe much damnified and hurt thereby and by breaking through the Ice againe to sea, that when shee was gott cleere to Sea she was ready to sinke by reason of a hole the Ice had staved in her bowe, at which shee tooke five or sixe feete water in hold, and her company were ready to forsake her had shee not ther had the helpe of the Companyes of the sayd Golding NelXh and Child their shipps, and of the Company of the Owners Adventure to helpe to pumpe her and stopp her leake''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''this deponent did observe thet the Ice did beate ˹and drive˺ soe against the Rudder of the Owneres Adventure as shee was while shee laye fast to the Ice before shee begann to worke out againe, that hee much feares it would have staved her Rudder''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''" (HCA 13/71 f.471r)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard some seamen who have used the sayd voyage, and alsoe the sayd Damerell himselfe sayd that some yeares they have had noe Ice in their passage to Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "''by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice without giving cost to their Companys the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Golding and Welches shipps by order of their masters made fast to the Ice and alsoe made fast one to an other lying board and board and the sayd Pybus and Child alsoe made fast their shipps to the Ice about a myle or two farther from shoare than the other fower shipps did and soe the sayd shipps all continued fast about fower and twenty howers and then the sayd Damerell commanded the Companyes of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound to loose their shipps from the Ice and also from the sayd Welch...''" (HCA 13/71 500Ar)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Economics===<br />
<br />
'''Revenue'''<br />
<br />
- "''the sd ship came & arrived at a place called Hope Iland as he hath heard & there the M:r & Comp:ie of her did get the blubber of some seahorse w:ch the fflemings had left ther as not thinking the same worth taking which sd blubber this rendent beleeveth was brought home in the sd ship to this rendent & Comp:ie the whole of whale blubber & horse blubber did amount unto 16. or 17. tonnes of course oyle and not above as he beleeveth & also about halfe a tonne of whale bone & not above as he beleeves all w:ch together w:th the charges of boyling custome & excise & other petty charges after the comming home therof deduced did extend to about 165:li or 170:li & noe more as he beleeveth''" ('Answer to fifth pretended position', HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Pybus Welch Golding and Child after since they came home from the voyage in question saye, that after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound they did light of an oportunity to gett into harbour and there made a good voyage and brought home good store of oyle and finns and soe much hee hath alsoe heard from divers of their Companyes''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
See Appleby, 2008: 55-56 for economic arguments by English Muscovy Company in 1654 for enforcement of monopoly whaling rights with a proposed joint stock.<br />
<br />
Independent whalers responded to the demand for joint stock by publishing ''The Heads of the Answer of several Adventurers to Greenland, To the claim of the Muscovia Company of the two Harbors of Bel-Sound and Hornsound'' (Appleby, 2008: 56, citing S.P. 18/65/67).<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that much of the published argument was based on material compiled by Edward Whittwell "who was representing the interests of independent traders in London" (citing C.S.P.D. 1653-54, 379-80, 392-3; C.S.P.D 1654, 16)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Monopoly vs. free trade debate===<br />
<br />
Both the interlopers and the English Muscovy company resorted to petitioning parliament on occasion in the 1640s and 1650s to assert their economic positions.<br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 60. The case of the freemen adventurers for the fishing in Greenland, presented to Parliament</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.377]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 61. Arguments by Fras. Ashe, Governor of the Muscovy Company, to prove that several interests cannot conveniently fish for whales in one harbour, but that it would be beneficial if they fished in several harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 62. Reasons why several adventurers and stocks cannot fish whales together in one harbour, and why the great harbour of Bell Sound should be fished by a joint stock, being too large for particular adventurers.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
* "There are more losing than gaining voyages made, but once in 3 or 4 years the whales come in shoals, and then 300 or 400 tuns of oil are made more than can be brought home, and are left in the company's storehouses till next year"<br />
<br />
* "4. It will send all to the harbours already settled, and none will visit the 30 or 40 more harbours discovered, but where the company do not fish"<br />
<br />
<u>(Jan.31 (1654)) 65. Five propositions by Edw. Whitwell, for himself and others, for regulating and increasing the fishing in Greenland by free admission of all. [1 page.]</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 69. Reasons by Rich. Eccleston on behalf of the adventurers of Hull, why the Greenland trade should be free.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654)) 70. Arguments addressed to the Council for Trade by Thomas and Lancelot Anderson, Edw. Whitwell, and 3 others, for the free adventurers</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. ? (1654) 74. Petition of Fras. Ashe, Governor, and the Muscovy Company to the Protector.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.380]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 7 (1654) 18. Answers by Thos. Horth to the objections of the Muscovy company prefixed against his having 1/6 of the fishing</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.392]</ref><br />
<br />
* "3. That there can be more difficulty in the accounts than before, and he can prove that he is not insolvent, nor has purchased lands in his children's names, as several of the company have lately done, thus deceiving their just creditors; yet he has lost 30,000''l.'', 12,900 ''l.'' being within 18 months..."<br />
<br />
<u>Feb, 7. (1654) 19. Proposals made to the Protector by Edw. Whitwell and the Adventurers for Greenland in several stocks, concerning the late improvement by fishing in all the harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), pp.392-93]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 65. Notes of proceedings in the Committee on the Greenland trade. — 31 Jan., 7 Feb. and 24 Feb. 1654.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.419]</ref><br />
<br />
* "Urges therefore that no new adventurer of only 2 or 3 years' standing should now be admitted. London, Hull, and Yarmouth have at great cost and loss defended Bell Sound, Home Sound, Green Harbour, Cross<br />
Road, Mettle Bay, and Sir Thos. Smith's Bay, but the late intruders, Warner, Whitwell, &c, have for 2 years only sent into the company's harbours 2 or 3 small vessels, which not only refused to join them to keep out the French and Dutch, but brought in Dutch strangers to manage their stock and adventure, the consequences of which will be most dangerous to English navigation."<ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>(Feb. 24. (1654)) 66. I. Miles Corbet, by order of the Navy Committee, to Mr. Balines [M.P. for Yarmouth]. The Merchant Adventurers of London have petitioned that the Greenland trade will soon be lost by intrusion of the French, Dutch, and Biskeners, unless prevented by Parliament, who referred the petition to the Navy Committee</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 67. Reasons by Thos. Horth for furnishing the Greenland adventurers with a competent number of seamen, as they have to fight to defend the harbours, as well as to guard their ships, and must have 50 or 55 men on each ship, of whom 25 or 30 should be able seamen and the rest landsmen.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 68. Estimate of ships required to guard and fish in the English harbours in Greenland</u> <ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 69. List of the 55 present members of the Muscovy Company, adventurers for Greenland</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 70. List of 18 adventurers of Hull who join in the fishing.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
----<br />
===Trade and political rivalry===<br />
<br />
The Spitsbergen whale fisheries were fought over, commercially and physically, by the English, the Dutch, the French and the Spanish, amongst others (Appleby, 2008: 29-30, 33)<br />
<br />
By the early to mid C17th Appleby suggests that informal separate spheres of interest had been established, with the Dutch concentrating on the northern shores of the archipelago, and the English on "the bays and harbours of the south-west" (Appleby, 2008: 33)<br />
<br />
There was considerable rivalry between the English Muscovy company, which supposedly monopolised the Spitsbergen whale trade, and the English whalers of the port of Hull (Appleby (2008: 34)). Appleby suggests that Hull men were involved in the whale trade from an early date, rather than being latecomers, and had their own special islands and bays separate from the English Muscovy company (Appleby, 2008: 35, 37)<br />
<br />
Hull interest in whaling dropped to nothing in the 1640s, though Hull claims to the trade were revived in the early 1650s, with a petition by independent traders to parliament in 1654, with attempt to gain access to Horn Sound and Bell Sound at Spitsbergen, which were considered comparatively ice free in the summer months (Appleby, 2008: 50-55)<br />
<br />
Attempt by English Muscovy company to perusade a newly appointed committe of the Council of Trade in early 1654 to restrict access to Bell Sound solely to the Muscovy Company, enforcing its claimed monopoly rights (Appleby, 2008: 53-55)<br />
<br />
''The underlying competition for access to the southern sounds and bays at Spitsbergen, an inherent characteristic of the trade since its earliest days, appears to have been intensified by the declining number of whales due to , particularly the onset of colder weather during the 1640s and beyond. Not only did this leave bays and harbours enveloped with ice for longer, cutting the hunting season, but also it may have contributed to increasing mortality among whales...According to the Company, even the "best Harbors make more loosing voyages than gayning, but once in 3,4, or 5 yeares the Whales Coming in plentifully by scoales."''<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 55, citing S.P. 18/65/62)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
The Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 caused severe disruption to English whalers in Spitsbergen, both independent and sent by the English Muscovy Company. "The evidence strongly suggests that the English struggled to send out more than a handful of vessels annually to Spitsbergen. By contrast, 70 Dutch ships were reportedly convoyed to Spitsbergen by three men-of-war during 1654.The following year between 24 and 50 French vessels apparently made 'great voyages' to the northern whaling grounds. In 1656 there seem to have been seven English ships at Spitsbergen, only one of which was from Hull...Although the Company's rights to the whaling trade were confirmed in January 1658, it was a hollow victory. By then the domestic market in England had been effectively captured by overseas competitors (Appleby, 2008: 57-58).<ref>Appleby cites C.S.P.D. 1657-58, 140-1, 161, 280, 343; Ashley, ''Financial and commercial policy'', 120; John C. Appleby. 'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), 36-7; [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 58, f.n. 169)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
----<br />
===Voyage and legal timeline, 1656 & 1657===<br />
<br />
'''April 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "(of the Greyhound) ''the sd ship sett sayle from Gravesend upon or about the fourteenth of Aprill 1656. & not before as they beleeve''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''June 1656'''<br />
<br />
<u>15th</u><br />
<br />
* "''hee heard the sayd Damerell on the fifteenth day of June 1656 command the Companye of the Owners Adventure to worke into the Ice with the other ffower shipps pr''e''deposed''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
<u>17th</u><br />
<br />
- "''heard him on the seaventeenth day commend the sayd Company to worke further into the Ice than the other fower shipps dud, both which commands hee saith the sayd Gosling and Maunfrie also heard and well understood" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "upon the 17th day of June aforesayd the sayd Gosling seeing and hearing the sayd Damerell command the sayd shipps Company to worke into the Ice than the other fower shipps did, the sayd Gosling ADD TEXT''" (HCA 13/71 ff.472r-472v)<br />
<br />
'''September 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "''y:e ship the Greyhound came back againe into the River of Thames & was here discharged upon or about the fowrteenth day of September 1656''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''December 1656'''<br />
<br />
Depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''23rd'''<br />
<br />
Deposition of Thomas Damerell<br />
<br />
'''January 1657'''<br />
<br />
Further depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
----<br />
===Wages===<br />
<br />
HCA 13/128 contains further HCA suits relating to Batson con Gosling. They include a suit for wages, brought by Edward Gosling, the masters mate of the Owners Adventure, against Richard Batson. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
They also include a suit for wages brought by crew of the ''Greyhound'', the pinke which went with the ''Owners Adventure'' on the ill fated voyage to Spitsbergen in the summer of 1656. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
The suit brought by the crew of the Greyhound (described as "on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others") contains a schedule of wages which the defendants accept as that agreed at the hiring of the crew:<br />
<br />
"''they answere & beleeve all the parties allegate were hyred to serve in the vessell the Greyhound allegate by order of these rendents as they beleeve for the wages expressed in the schedule annexed to these rendents answeres and noe more as they beleeve for a fishing voiage to be made in the sd vessell for Greeneland''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>The Schedule</u><br />
<br />
The schedule menconed in the Answeres<br />
<br />
Henry ffreeman for twelve pounds whereof<br />
recd three pounds in money before he went<br />
out & fower shills & ten pence more unpon Cloathes<br />
soe in case he had pformed the voiage in Greenland<br />
as he might to have done there remaine<br />
<br />
8:li - 15 - 2<br />
<br />
John Burgen for fifteene pounds whereof recd<br />
three pounds before he went out & stwo shill and<br />
two oence upon cloathes so in case he had pformed<br />
his voiage to Greeneland as he ought tp have done<br />
there remaines<br />
<br />
11:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 10<br />
<br />
John Gold for five pounds wherof recd twenty<br />
shills, and one pound. two shills & six pence in cloaths<br />
so in case he had gone to Greenland and<br />
there pformed what he ought to have done there had<br />
remained<br />
<br />
2:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 6<br />
<br />
Nicholas Taylor at Thirty five shillings p<br />
moneth whereof recd before hee went out<br />
Thirty five shill and in cloathes Three shill<br />
fower pennce, and he was in the ship from the<br />
14:th of Aprill 1656; which is five moneths soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 16 - 8<br />
<br />
Thomas ffrost shipped at thirty nyne shills per<br />
moneth whereof recd one moneths pay before<br />
his foeing out & fifteene shills foure pence for cloathes<br />
& was in the ship the time aforesd, soe thre remaines<br />
in case he had pformed the voiage as he ought to<br />
have done<br />
<br />
7:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
John Clarke shipped at thirty Eight shill p moneth<br />
whereof recd one pound Eighteene shill before his goeing out & one pound two shill . eight pence for<br />
cloathe, & was in the ship the time aforesd soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 09 - 4<br />
<br />
Dennis Yarmouth shipped at thirty foure shill<br />
p moneth recd one pound fowerteene shills<br />
before his departure, & fifteene shill foure<br />
pence for cloathes & was in the shipp the<br />
tyme aforesd, soe there remaines in case<br />
hee had pformed his voiage as he ought<br />
<br />
6:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
RICHARD BATSON [His signature]<br />
H BEANE ?Esqr [His signature]<br />
GUW GOULEGAY (sic) [His signature]"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
----<br />
==Depositions==<br />
<br />
===1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 18/12/1656<br />
<br />
'' "the sayd Damarell sawe some fish spoute among the Ice neere where the sayd shipp lay and cryed out to the Company a whale a whale and commanded the sayd Maundrey and Gosling and the rest of the harponeeres to manne their shallops and make after the sayd ffish which they did, and comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are; which the Company having discovered did not strike at the sayd fish..."''<ref>Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.464r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 29/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''did expect that the sayd Damarall the Master would have given order to have wrought the sayd shipp further into the Ice or at least made her fast to the Ice" ''<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.469r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''"<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 03/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===X. Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 23/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''hee knoweth of noe difference which happened betwixt the sayd Damerell and Gosling or Maundry save the difference and ill language by him this deponent before mentioned, which difference did (in this deponents Judgment) arise by the sayd Damerells wilfullnesse and rashnesse in desyring and Commanding his shipps company to worke the sayd shipp further into the Ice than other shipps would and did adventure, and by his provoaking the sayd Gosling with ill language as aforesayd''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Maundrie and Gosling and this deponent and others of the Company of the Owners Adventure did pursue the whale in this article mentioned, eight or tenn howers togeather, the sayd Gosling and one Richard Parker the Boatswaine of the Owners Adventure and ˹william humphrey˺ having as harponeeres stricken the sayd whale and fastned their warps, and the sayd whale notwithstanding ranne soe fast into a growne Sea and towed the boates who pursued her soe fast, that they were in danger to bee cast away by and to sheere under water by the swiftenesse of the whales motion, which was soe speedy that the shipp owners Adventure had much a doe with the helpe of a XXXX gale of winde to followe the shallopps or boates soe fast as the whale towed or runne with them, And hee saith that after the sayd shipps Company had soe longe persued the sayd whale and the sayd Goslings harpeing Iron breakeing out of the whale and the sayd Gosling having come about along thXXXX and not being able to fasten ˹his harpeing Iron˺ againe did take holde of other shallops and helpe them to hinder the whales motion, but all proveing ineffectual to the takeing of her by reason of the growne Sea ˹and the swiftnesse of the whale in question˺ the sayd Damerell seeing noe hopes of takeing the sayd whale, did call to the sayd Richard Packer and bidd him cut his warpe (which still continued fast to the whale) and come on board, And this deponent being one who rowed in the sayd Maundeys shallop or boate and helped to pursue the sayd whale, thereby well knoweth that the sayd Gosling Maundry and the rest of the sayd shipps Company who pursued the sayd whale did as much as possibly could bee done to kill the sayd whale, and did not in any thing disb disobey the Command of the sayd Damerell touching the pursuiXt and chase of ˹her˺ soe farr as this deponent could and did observe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471v</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Mr Beane did in the presence of the arlate Mr Batson and in the sayd Batsons Counteing house tender unto this deponent a paper which the sayd Batsons man brought ready written with the names of severall of the Owners Adventures Company subscribed thereto, which writeing did imparte ˹thus or the like in effect videlicet˺ that the refusall of the sayd shipps Company to obey the Commands of the sayd Damerall was the cause of the Overthrowe of the voyage in question, and the sayd Beane and Batson desyred this deponent to sett his hand to the sayd noat, and told him if hee would subscribe the same they would doe more for him this deponent than they had done for any other of the subscribers, but this deponen having perused and read some part of the sayd paper and knowing the contents thereof to bee false, refused to subscribe thereto''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth)had not promised to pay him his wages, hee woukd have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
- ''"did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage"''<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.479r</ref><br />
----<br />
===Deposition of Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question aged fifty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 01/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===6. Richard Kirton of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Overseer of the Landsmen in the XXXX XXXX XXXXX aged forty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made in 29/01/1656 (i.e. modern 1667)<br />
----<br />
==People linkage data==<br />
<br />
<u>Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, marriage register, 1640-1692</u>_<br />
<br />
'''Damerell''' (and variants)<br />
<br />
"1652. Aug. 14 William Damerell of Lymehouse, Marriner & Elizabeth Berwick. M."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Trinity House of Deptford</u><br />
<br />
"381. [Before 4 Feb. 1630] James Moyer, William Knight, Bence Johnson, Daniel Gatts and James Dammarell [to Trinity House. See 382.]<br />
<br />
Trinity House are asked to establish a consul in this port of Leghorn. The post being void and leaving no one to speak for them, 'our' nation is much slighted by the ministers of the duke [of Tuscany], and 'much exacted upon' to the prejudice of shipping coming to the port. Morgan Read is willing to accept the place, being honest and able, of good repute with the duke, with sufficient means, and much respected by shipmasters and merchants. He has promised to write to Trinity House about the post [380]."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63926 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 2: 1630', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 106-112], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
"228. [f.78v. ? Before 15 March 1625] Shipmasters and owners to Trinity House [See 229–30.]<br />
<br />
In 1617, the writers agreed to an imposition of £1,000 a year for 2 years to suppress Turkish pirates and to ensure more safety in trade and southern navigation. Trinity House promised that it would be levied for only 2 years. It has now continued for 4 years and double the agreed sum has been paid (namely £4,000), but they are still liable. Trinity House are requested to petition the duke of Buckingham to end the imposition. Bernard Motam, Thomas Browne, William Reickes, John Tomson, William Goodlard, John Hide, George Lissant, William Ball, Thomas Breadcake, James Ireland, Robert Tockly, Thomas Tomson, Humphrey Sallowes, William Craiford, John Wetherly, Edward Robertes, Thomas Davis, '''James Damarell''', Tristram Wise, John Badiley, John Miller, John Goodwyn, William Peirson, Thomas Nicholles, John Mote, John Lingwood, Robert Bence, Robert Swyer, John Wharey, Thomas Martin, Thomas Gibbes, Roger Twiddy, Anthony Tichen, William Knight, John Ewers, Daniel Cadman, Henry Tawton, Anthony Wood, James Moyer, John Dennis, George Bodham, John Jenken, Edmond Grove, Richard Cooper, William Bushell, John Gibbs, Richard Hooper, Edward Acworth, John Hemmens, Richard Rassell, Squier Bence, William Grove, Jeremy Cornellis, Thomas Nelmes, John Gibbens, George Browne, John Bence, John Mason, Matthew Barret, Richard Broomfeild, Peter Milborn, Roger Sherman, George Clarckson, John Swanton, Robert Bowers, Edward Gardener, William Eeles, Matthew Wood, Richard Chamlet, William Mellowe, Thomas Addison, Thomas Sherwyn, John Andrewes, Thomas Foarde, William West, William Hill, John Ellman, William Low, Christopher Dunn, Henry West, John Stafford, William Smith, John Lowe, Robert Williams, John Arnold, William Goose, Richard Cole, John Johnson, William Smith, Henry West, Thomas Battell, Henry Page, John Bundocke, John Graunt, Martin Errington, John Sayer, John Doves, John Norwood, James Peterson, John Arnold, John Low, William Greene, Thomas Chall, Robert Rypinge, Nicholas Bradshow, Jonas Pereman, Thomas Montinge."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63920 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 1: 1624-5', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 58-65.], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
==C17th and later maps==<br />
<br />
Edges’ map of "Greenland" (Spitzbergen), ca. 1611<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Petermann, Augustus, 'Map of the Sea of Spitzbergen', to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1797955.pdf?acceptTC=true Petermann, Augustus, Map of the Sea of Soitzbergen, to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
----<br />
===Primary sources===<br />
----<br />
====BL====<br />
<br />
'''Cotton MS Appendix LIX''': Title: James Hall, Account of the Danish expedition to Greenland, 2 May–10 August 1605, including ‘A tophigraphicall discription of the land as I did discover the same’ (7r–v) and ‘The forme and maner of the langage ussid amonges their savage people’ (English–Inuit glossary) (10r–v)<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/68''': Title: 68. Notes concerning the question between the Dutch and English touching the fishery upon the coast of Greenland. fo. 402.<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/69''': Title: 69. "The Humble Peticion and Remonstrance of the Fellowshippe of English Merchants for discovery of newe Trade's, concerning their priviledges, the supportinge of the Trade to Russia, and the Whale fishinge at Greeneland and in the Northern Seas... Date: Unspecified<br />
<br />
'''Sloane MS. 3986, ff. 78v, 79-79v''' (and others)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====IGI====<br />
<br />
<u>Selection of Damerell records, Stepney, 1630-1670</u><br />
<br />
Variants: Damerell, Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dameryll; Dumerill;<br />
<br />
Joanna Damerell; bap. 20 May 1650; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Andrew Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 18 May 1651<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Joanna Damerell, 20 May 1650; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
James Damerell; bap. 02 Aug 1651; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Thomas Damerell; mother: Judith<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), James Damerell, 02 Aug 1651; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
Elizabeth Damerell; bap. 29 Oct 1656; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: William Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 29 Sep 1657 <ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Elizabeth Damerell, 29 Oct 1656; citing reference, FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
Mary Damerell ; bap. 06 Oct 1667; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Henry Damerell; mother: Susan<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Mary Damerell, 06 Oct 1667; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
====TNA====<br />
<br />
'''C''' (Chancery)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/125Pt1/24''' Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman. Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652.<br />
<br />
'''C 6/134/15''' Short title: Batson v Colvile. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne. Defendants: Robert Colvile, John Colvile and William Clarkson. Subject: money matters. Document type: answer only. 1657<br />
<br />
- CSG: There is a very good chance that the above Chancery case involves two of the three partners of Richard Batson and Company and two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others"<br />
<br />
- CSG: Gowen Goldagne (and variants of that name) is mentioned in HCA 13/71 f.479r; there is also a mention of "Mr. Covell" (one of the owners of the Owners Adventure) (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
Two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others" are William Clarkson (Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex, Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine), and John Colville (Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/136/169''' Short title: Watkins v Merchants of London. Plaintiffs: Mary Watkins widow. Defendants: Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies [East India Company] and Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, London, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657<br />
----<br />
'''E''' (Exchequer)<br />
<br />
'''E 178/5525''': NORFOLK: Yarmouth Certificate as to the accounts of the profits of a voyage to Greenland (Hoarth v. Attorney-General and Lady Slingsby). 9 Chas. I.<br />
<br />
'''E 134/8&9Chas1/Hil5''': Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth (Norfolk), merchant. v. William Noy (Attorney-General), Dame Margaret Slingsby, widow.: Grant by Letters Patent by Chas. 1. to Nath. Edwards of the privilege of fishing and the "setting out ships for the getting of fish and making of oils in Greenland for the furnishing of Scotland with that commodity," assigned by Edwards to the plaintiff. Touching the detention of plaintiff's ships at Great Yarmouth by the water bailiff, &c., &c.: Norfolk. 8 & 9 Chas 1<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''HCA''' (High Court of Admiralty)<br />
<br />
'''HCA 13/128'''<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656 (modern 1657)]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-5933812a00d3bda4ac6eec3c6c312f8c8b80164a|Allegation: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue (als. Goldeye): Date: Feb ?8th 1656]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-327a88fee2bc48d8911dc233747ff50a9997d516|Case: XXXX: Personal answeres: Edward Goslin & XXX XXXXXX: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''PROB''' (Prerogative Court of Canterbury)<br />
<br />
'''PROB 4/10611''': Inventory; Serjent, Thomas, of Barking, London, ob. in Greenland, batcheler: 1675 1 Oct.<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/160/460''': Will of James Damerell, Mariner of Stepney, Middlesex; 24 October 1631<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/269/534''': Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London; 14 November 1657<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/297/85''': Will of Elias Ely, Mariner of Saint Thomas Hospital, Surrey; 21 March 1660<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/298''': Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/362''': Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey; 14 January 1680; Bath 1-59<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/373/446''': Will of William Clarkson, Shipwright of Romford, Essex; 18 August 1683<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/424''': Will of Richard Batson, Cutler; June 16th 1667; Carr 59-116 CHECK REFERENCE<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/461/57''': Will of John Ely, Mariner of Stepney, Middlese; 01 July 1701<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/524/234''': Will of John Pybus, Mariner of East Greenwich, Kent; 02 November 1711<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/5/78''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/6/3''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 36/2''': Name of deceased: Hull, Rachel Stepney, Middx Case title and other data: Damerell con Baker; 1674<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''SP''' (State Papers)<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/60''': The Case of many Freemen of England that have adventured and desire to adventure, to fish in Greenland (petition to parliament, January 1654)<br />
<br />
- See Appeby, 2008: 51<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/61-67''':Collection of papers relating to whaling cited by Appleby, 2008<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 5''': Order of the Council for Trade that for this year Bell Sound and Horn Sound shall be reserved for the Company of Merchant Adventurers to Greenland and the rest of the harbours left free for all other Englishmen. Copy. 1650/1 Mar. 3<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 8-12''': The proceedings at the Council for Trade, between the Muscovia Company, Monopolizers of the trade of Greenland, and others, Adventurers thither, for a Free Trade: Printed: [1651]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 15-16''': Petition of the Muscovia Company Adventurers to Greenland stating that their right to the sole fishing in Bell Sound and Horn Sound, Greenland, had been infringed and asking the Council to resolve the matter. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 17-18 ''': Reasons why the Muscovia Company should have priority in, if not the whole of, the fishing in Greenland: Copy. 1651/2 Jan.<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 19-20 ''': The names of the Adventurers in the present joint stock for Greenland. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 23-24''': Description of the present state of the Greenland fishing and the methods employed, and conclusions drawn therefrom [by the Muscovia Company]. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 141''': Petition to the Committee for Foreign Affairs by Thomas Horth asking that no decision should be taken on the suggestions of the Greenland Company until his answers thereto have been considered. (Enclosure at f.145): [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 143-144''': Answers of Thomas Horth to the claims of the Greenland Company. 1649 Dec. 31<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 145''': Answer, given to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, by Thomas Horth in reply to the Muscovia or Greenland Company: (Enclosure to f.141). [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/272''': Placaet ende Verbodt. Forbidding the export of fishing and whaling equipment The Hague, Hillebrant van Wouw, 1665 (in Dutch language)<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/326''': Placcaet. Forbidding navigation and whaling in and around Greenland in 1673 The Hague, Jacobus Scheltus, 1673 (in Dutch language)<br />
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<br />
====Printed====<br />
<br />
Pelham, Edward, ''God's Power and Providence'' (?London, 1631)<br />
<br />
- Account of first English wintering in Spitsbergen in 1630-31<br />
<br />
de La Peyrère, Isaac, ''Histoire du Groenland'' (XXXX, XXXX)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Secondary sources===<br />
<br />
Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', ''HMAP Asia Project Paper'', no. 161, October 2009<ref>[http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp161.pdf Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', HMAP Asia Project Paper, no. 161, October 2009)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Appleby, John C.,'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), pp. 29-49<br />
<br />
Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', ''The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord'', XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Bourne, Arthur G., 'Exploitation of the Small Whales in the North Atlantic', Oryx / Volume8 / Issue03 / December 1965, pp 185-193; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300004531 (About DOI), Published online: 24 April 2009<br />
<br />
Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Toolika Rastogi, Moira W Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654, 10.1139/z04-146], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n5/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/n7/mode/2up Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)], Internet Archive, viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''No man's land: a history of Spitzbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country'' (Cambridge, 1906)<br />
<br />
Hacquebord, Louwrens, 'Three 17th century whaling stations in southeastern Svalbard: an archaeological missing link', ''Polar Record'', 24 (1988), pp. ?-?<br />
<br />
van Holk, A.G.F. (ed.), ''Early European exploitation of the Northern Atlantic 800-1700'' (Groningen, 1981)<br />
<br />
Jackson, Gordon, ''The British whaling trade'' (London, 1978)<br />
<br />
Jenkins, James Travis, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n7/mode/2up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Ch. 1: A history of the whale fisheries (pp.11-38)<br />
Ch. 2: The economics of whaling (pp.39-58)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, ''The Arctic: a history'' (Stroud, 1994)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, 'Bowhead whaling in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during the 18th and 19th Centuries', ''Polar Record'' / Volume23 / Issue144 / September 1986, pp 289-299; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400007117 (About DOI), Published online: 27 October 2009<br />
<br />
White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/collectionofdocu00whitrich#page/n7/mode/2up White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)], viewed 15/10/12</ref></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=C17th_Arctic_whaling&diff=78366C17th Arctic whaling2012-10-19T13:51:18Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''C17th Arctic whaling'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
'''15/10/12''': CSG created page<br />
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'''Purpose of this page'''<br />
<br />
This week (W/C 15/10/12) Jill's, Colin's and William's teams are working on a case involving a failed whaling adventure to the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 1656 ("'''Batson against Goslin and others'''")<br />
<br />
We plan to publish a blog article on the case, placing it in a broader context of the whaling fisheries off Spitsbergen (alt. Spitzbergen) in the 1650s. (The first thing to note is that C17th "Greeneland" is what we now call "Spitsbergen")<br />
<br />
Jill, Colin and William would like to encourage their team members to use this page to share quotes, and to explore places, people and activities mentioned in the pages they are transcribing<br />
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__TOC__<br />
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==Suggested links==<br />
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==Mentioned in case==<br />
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===Animals and technology===<br />
<br />
[[File:WP_Fax_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574.png|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Boyler'''<br />
<br />
'''Cape whale'''<br />
<br />
- The two whales captured by the Owners Adventure in 1656 are described as "cape whales" (HCA 13/128, no foliation)<br />
<br />
'''Furnace'''<br />
<br />
- "''this rendent beleeveth that the Dutch & ffrench having their ships usually fitted with furnaces & other materialls in their ships, & not being prmitted to have the freedome of harbors there, in Greeneland fish at sea but this rendent beleeveth that the use with the English is the contrary''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX; HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041]], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Jubartas'''<br />
<br />
- "''comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are''" (HCA 13/71 f.464r)<br />
<br />
'''Launce'''<br />
<br />
- After a whale had been exhausted from a pursuit by its hunters in multiple shallops, the hunters approached the whale on the surface and struck it with lances<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 26)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Pinke'''<br />
<br />
- "''did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.479r)<br />
<br />
'''Right whale'''<br />
<br />
- The species favoured off Spitsbergen by early C17th whalers of all European nations, given that it was calm, slow moving, and floated when dead.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 24)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Sea horse''' (?walrus)<br />
<br />
- "(on Hope Island) ''the dutch having killed about a hundred sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''about twenty butts of blubber of sea horses''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
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'''Shallop''' (small boat)<br />
<br />
Question...<br />
'did put out their boates and worke the sayd shipps in to the Ice about eight or ˹seven˺ leagues as did alsoe fower other English shipps which were then in Company with the Owners Adventure and Greyhound, and after the sayd shipps had all sixe of them wrought soe farr into the Ice, the Ice then proving to bee somewhat thick this deponent ordered his Companyes of his two vessells...to make fast too great Ice peeces of Ice and lash their vessells fast board and board to the shipps of Mr Golding and Mr Welch being two of the other fower English shipps aforesayd, who had alsoe cause their Companys to make fast their too shipps to the same peece of ice and the sayd shipps being soe fastened, they all laye there for some tyme then when the Ice would open as usually it doth' f.479v<br />
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I was wondering how the above idea of 'working into the ice' works? Does anyone know? Would the ships just have tried to ram through the ice with their prows, or would the sailors have used special technology/techniques? Laura<br />
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===Crews===<br />
<br />
Appleby, writing of the Hull whalers in the early C17th, states that:<br />
<br />
"''unfortunately the men who served aboard these vessels, who formed part of the first generation of English whalemen, are almost invisible. Little evidence survives for the manning of, or recruitment to, Hull whaling ships; nor is much known about conditions of work, discipline and pay.''" (Appleby, 2008: 45)<br />
<br />
Appleby also states that little is known about the Hull and York merchants who promoted and financed the whaling trade in the early C17th (Appleby, 2008: 46-47)<br />
<br />
* CSG: We have an opportunity to use the case and depositions of Batson against Goslin and others to elucidate the social character and organisation of a London financed whaling adventure from the mid-1650s, at a time when English whaling off Spitsbergen was in disarray, facing exceptionally strong competition from the Dutch (and to a lesser extent the French)<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that Hull whaling masters may previously have served on similar voyages as mates and harpooners, and cites "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the ''Adventure'' of Hull in 1656" who "had served under other masters on five previous voyages to Spitsbergen, and as "Master & harponeere" on another eleven" (Appleby, 2008: 46), Appleby's primary source for this is our very own HCA 13/71, and "Mr. Pybus" is one of the four other whaling captains of "London shipps" mentioned by the deponents in ''Batson against Goslin and others.''<br />
<br />
Extrapolating from Dutch and French whaling vessel data, he suggests that an average Hull whaling vessel would have been crewed with between 30 and 55 men. Hull men received wages, together with "oar and fin" money (Appleby, 2008: 45-46)<br />
<br />
* CSG: It will be interesting to compare the wages and structure of wages stated in related HCA 13/128 litigation brought by Richard Gosling, Henry ffreeman and others against Batson et al., with Appleby's data.<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
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===People===<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Ashmore'''<br />
<br />
'''Richard Batson'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r).<br />
<br />
- Appears in other archival records sometimes as "Battison" (Batson & Company; Battison and Company).<br />
<br />
- Richard Batison and Company's interest in the Greenland fisheries may have been a substantial one, in terms both of capital commitment and activity. He was certainly active in sending out whaling ships prior to 1656. Moreover, he employed men with extensive experience of the trade. For example, Robert Kirton, hired as overseer of the land men, stated in his deposition that he had "gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland."<ref>HCA 13/71 f.501r</ref> However, is unclear whether Humphrey Beane and Gowen Gold(e)gay, his partners in the 1656 adventure involving the Owners' Adventure and the Greyhound, were long term partners in this trade.<br />
<br />
When the Yarmouth merchant and whaler, Thomas Horth (alt. Howarth), proposed in ?1654 that English merchants should supply 3000 tons and 500 men for the Greenland fisheries, he pencilled in 200 tons for "Battison and partners." A further 300 tons were suggested for Whitwell and partners, 500 tons for unnamed Yarmouth merchants, and 1600 tons for unnamed London merchants.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.74, and more generally pp. 69-75]</ref> When certificates of exemption from the impress of harpooners and steersmen were issued in early 1654 a specific protection was issued Richard Batson and Company for fourteen harpooners.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/lastofmayflower00harriala#page/68/mode/2up Rendell Harris, The last of the 'Mayflower' (Manchester, 1920), p.69], citing CSPD, p.434, vol. i., 206,247: vol. i, 19, 22</ref><br />
<br />
- There is some evidence to suggest that Richard Batson was attracted to capital intensive, process oriented industrial activities, with a Richard Batson, merchant, and a partner and fellow merchant, Edmond Lewin, acquiring a glass house in Goodman's Yard, the Minories, in 1651. As always, with prosopographical resconstruction, it is hard to be certain that all the identities are congruent.<ref>[http://www.cbrain.mistral.co.uk/minories.htm 'Minories or Goodman's Yard Glass House', web article], viewed 17/10712]</ref><br />
<br />
- The Batson of HCA 13/71 may be Richard Batson, citizen and cutler (b. ?, d. ca. 1667), whose daughter married John Bendish, son of Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador to Constantinople (a friend of Sir George Oxenden).<ref>Possible will [[MRP: Richard Batson will|PROB 11/424 Carr 59-116, Will of Richard Batson, Cutler, June 16th 1667]]</ref> J.R. Woodhead (1966) provides a sketchy outline of Richard Batson, the cutler.<ref>'Batson, Richard', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s43 J.R. Woodhead, 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Humfrey Beane'''<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Probably Humphrey (alt. Humfry) Beane (b. ?1613, d. 1679/80), of Ebisham (alt. Epsom), Surrey. J. R. Woodhead characterises him as a cordwainer, available at the Turkey Walk on the Exchange. A dissenter, he was buried in Bunhill Fields. Woodhead, drawing on CHW Mander (1931:82n.), states that Humphrey Beane had "great interest in Greenland whale fisheries."<ref>'Beane, Humphrey' in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31878#s51 'Backwell - Byfield', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 21-42], viewed 28/04/12); CHW Mander, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Guild of Cordwainers of the City of London (1931), p 82 n; PROB 11/362 Bath 1-59 Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey 14 January 1680</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The daughter and heiress of Humphrey Beane, cordwainer, Elizabeth, married by 1667 (Sir) John Parsons (b.1639, d.1717) of Well Close Square, Ratcliffe, Middlesex, and the Priory, Reigate. Humphrey Beane's residence is given by Cruickshank ''et al.'' (XXXX), as "of Sr. Mary Axe, London, and Epsom, Surr."<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B_92tjio4vIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=beane+cordwainer&source=bl&ots=GN_m4aD-m-&sig=L_KE-xEPqnaFNMlPUx3XUtyIbrA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4J9UNf-PMKS0QWh24Bo&sqi=2&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=beane%20cordwainer&f=false Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley (eds.), The House of Commons, 1690-1715, vol. 5., members O-Z (Cambridge, XXXX), p.105], viewed 16/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mathew Boulding'''<br />
<br />
- Harpooneere (HCA 13/71 f.485v)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Chantry''' (alt. Chantrie)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. Child'''<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
'''William Clarkson'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex<br />
<br />
- Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine<br />
<br />
'''John Colville'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "hee was Gunner of the Owners Adventure the voyage in question, and hath not commenced any action ag''ains''t the Interrogate Batson Beane and Golderne or any of them for wayges for t{he} voyage ˹in question˺ nor intendeth to commence any unlesse hee bee enforced thereunto by their uniust dealeings in denying to pay him what is due to him" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
'''Thomas Damerell'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Master of Owners Adventure, and "commander, director and orderer of the Greyhound" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Lymehouse, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex; aged 37 in December 1656, so b. ca. 1619 (one year before Sir George Oxenden (b.1620, d. 1669))<br />
<br />
- Damerell is a name which shows considerable orthogarphical variation, and subsequent further variation through probable mistranscription,for example: Damerell; Damarall; Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell;Dameryll; Dumerill<br />
<br />
- A number of male and female Damerells (and name variants) appear in the records of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney, in the 1630 to 1670 period, including children born to a Thomas Damerell.<br />
<br />
- Several of the male Stepney Damerells are identified as mariners of Limehouse. Probate was granted in October 1631 to Rachel Damerell, wife of James Damerell, of Limehouse, in the parish of Stepney, who was identified as mariner "deceased abroad."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/yearbooksofproba01cantuoft#page/78/mode/2up 'Will (106 St. John), probate Oct. 24 1631' in John Mathews, George F. Mathews (eds.), Abstracts of probate acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (London, 1902), p. 78], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref> The marriage of a William Damerell, "marriner", of Lymehouse, Stepney, appears in the printed marriage records the parish of Saint Dunstan's in the month of August 1652.<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- A "Thomas Damarell" is listed in a September 1650 petition to the Naval Commisioners as a mariner on the ''Adventure'', under the command of Captain Wyard<ref>Reference states: Also Vol. XI., No. 34. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54366 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Volume 11: September 1650', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1650 (1876), pp. 320-365.]</ref><br />
<br />
- Casual inspection of varied records suggests that "Damerell" may be a Devon name<br />
<br />
'''John Ely'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Mariner, of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey, county of Surrey, aged 28 in late 1656<br />
<br />
'''Maurice ffoarde'''<br />
<br />
'''Henry ffreeman'''<br />
<br />
- Shipped on the Greyhound<br />
<br />
- Lead name in wages suit against Batson ''et al'' on behalf of crew of the Greyhound (HCA 13/128)<br />
<br />
'''XXXX Golding''' (alt. Goulding)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling shipp (described as one of four London ships, whose masters were Pybus, Golding, XXXX, and Child)<br />
<br />
'''Gowen ?Golderne''' (alt. Goldagne; Goldegay; Goldgay)<br />
<br />
- London merchant; part owner, freighter and imployer of the Owners Adventure and part freighter and imployer of the Greyhound (HCA 13/71 f.500r)<br />
<br />
- CSG: Possibly Gowen Goldegay. Gowen Goldegay (b. ?1614, d. ca. 1657), of Whitefriars, City of London. 'Mr. Gowen Goldegay,' was appointed to 'a Committee for the Militia, of and within the Borough of Southwarke, and Parts adjacent within the Lines of Communication, on the South Side of the River of Thames, in the County of Surrey' in September 1647.<ref>Gowen Goldingay: Christening 04 Dec 1614 St Giles Cripplegate, London: Father: Edward Goldingay, IGI; PROB 11/269 Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London 14 November 1657 Ruthen 411-461, pp. 1-5</ref><br />
<br />
'''Edward Gosling''' (alt. Goslin)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath knowne the sayd Goslin for these sixe or seaven yeares and gone in severall shipps with him severall voyages wherein the sayd Goslin hath served as Masters mate and observed that in all these voyages he behaved himselfe civilly and was carefull of his task committed to him and was reputed an able and experienced seaman and a man of good life and conversation''" (HCA 13/71 f.467r: Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v: Deposition of John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares)<br />
<br />
- "''after the comming out of the Ice the sayd Gosling Maundrie Humphreys and others harponeeres had difference with the Master and refused to obey his Command about helpeing to kill the whale aforesayd''" (HCA 13/71 f.497r)<br />
<br />
'''William Humfrey'''<br />
<br />
- Member of company of Owners Adventure and harpooner<br />
<br />
<u>Detail of Smerenburg land station of the Noordsche Compagnie on Amsterdamøya Island, off northwest coast of West-Spitsbergen, Cornelis de Man, 1639</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_DETAIL_De_Man_Cornelis_Smerenburg_1639_WiMed_CSG_DL_161012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Richard Kirton'''<br />
<br />
- Deponent in HCA 13/71 ''Batson against Goslin and others''<br />
<br />
- Of Ratcliff, in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex<br />
<br />
- "''[Richard Kirton] Overseer of the Land men of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound the voyage in question and was by his office to Oversee the land men of both the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound that they did their office and duty in cutting up and boyleing and orderring of such whales as should bee taken the sayd voyage''" (HCA 13/71 f.500v)<br />
<br />
- "''"hee [Richard Kirton] having gone sixteene or eighteene severall voyages to Greeneland knoweth that some of those voyages there hath bin little or noe Ice at all upon the Coast and therefore lesse danger than was the voyage in question''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
'''London whalers'''<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to look at the names of the independent or interloping London whalers, who competed in the 1650s with the "officially" sanctioned English Muscovy company. Scott, 1910: 73, suggests that there were 50 or 55 members of the Greenland company in the early 1650s, and an unspecified number of individual interlopers. He suggests that the interlopers posed as individuals, yet were in fact organised in small companies or partnerships.<br />
<br />
- CSG: It would be interesting to compare the campaign of the whaling interlopers in the 1640s and the 1650s against the claimed monopoly rights of the Muscovy company with a similarly timed campaign by interlopers seeking to penetrate the East India trade. Non-conformism and a parliamentarian orientation had a role, it would appear, in both campaigns, though to what extent remains to be determined. East Indian interloping was complex, and should not be reductively associated with just one religious or political strand. Moreover, attitudes were labile in these changeable times.<br />
<br />
In the case of the whaling interlopers, Scott, 1910:73 has identifed "Edward Bushell & Co."as a recognised interloping company.<ref>'The Greenland trade from 1620 to 1673', in [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924019888217#page/n91/mode/2up William Robert Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-stock Companies to 1720, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1910), p.73]</ref> Edward Bushell was also known for his involvement in the Portuguese, Brazilian and Barbados trade, in partnership with his brothers.<ref>Colin Greenstreet, unpublished paper, 2010, available from author</ref> He appears frequently in HCA records in the late 1640s and throughout the 1650s, often in the context of his involvement in the Portuguese Brazil company.<ref>For example: HCA 13/127, unfoliated: Case: XXXX: Answer: John & Edw:d Bushell on behalf of John Salmon: Date: June 26th 1655; [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-15f816ae98a89a245d2ce02986e170c3de33f1d3|HCA 13/128, unfoliated: Allegation: Thomas Grant: Answers: Edward Bushell, Stephen White & John Crowder: Date: March 8th 1657]]</ref><br />
<br />
Edward Bushell, London merchant, was a partner of William Bird, London merchant. Both Bushell and Bird were dissenters, and both men had country residences in Hackney. However, Bushell's place of business being Little Saint Hellens, in the London parish of Saint Hellen's Bishopsgate, where he was recorded with eleven hearths in 1666.<ref>[[MRP: Hearth tax: London#fnref-50d3229265ba1e37418c1ae18f59679f939850da-289|London 1666 hearth tax returns]]. See also PROB 11/418 Box 1-45 Will of Edward Bushell, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 20 February 1694; PROB 11/444 Lort 45-91 Will of William Bird or Birde, Merchant of Hackney, Middlesex 26 March 1698</ref><br />
<br />
Assuming that Humphrey Beane and Gowen Goldegay were long term partners of Richard Batson in whaling, then Batson and company, also had a dissenting and parliamentarian flavour. Humphrey Beane was a known dissenter, who was buried in Bunhill Fields, and Gowen Goldegay was involved in the Southwark militia.<br />
<br />
'''Richard Maundrie''' (alt. Maundrey or Manndery)<br />
<br />
- Masters mate and harpooner<br />
<br />
- CSG: Just possibly, Richard Maundrey was a mariner of Leigh, Essex. A Leigh resident of this name was recorded in a 1671 land transaction as the second son of John Mandry, a Leigh mariner.<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: D/DS 44/2: 3 July 1671]</ref> Furthermore, a John Maundrey, mariner, of Leigh, Essex, was recorded in the Essex session rolls of Michaelmas 1624 as being given a recognizance "for beating Richard Haddock's childe de Lee."<ref>[https://secureweb1.essexcc.gov.uk/seaxpam2012/Result_Details.aspx?DocID=261061 Essex Record Office: Q/SR 246/92; 11 September 1624]</ref> Speculatively, Richard Maundrey's putative father may have left a will proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1660, recording him as a mariner of Lee in the county of Essex.<ref>PROB 11/298: Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105</ref><br />
<br />
- CSG: The Thames estuary town of Leigh (alt. Leigh-on-sea; Lee), together with the neighbouring Eastwood, was home in the early seventeenth century to a number of important mariner and merchant families.<ref>H.W.King, 'A sketch of the genealogy of the Purchas family', in Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, vol. 4 (Colchester, 1869), p. 169. The accompanying footnotes refer to Lawrence Moyer, mariner, whose grandson was Samuel Moyer, and whose family was subsequently connected to the Heathcotes; Robert Salman "a wealthy Merchant and Mariner, afterwards Master of the Trinity House", who died in 1641 and was buried in Leigh; William Goodlad of Leigh "Chief Commander of the Greenland Fleet" for twenty years, who was also Master of the Trinity House, and who died in 1639 and was buried in Leigh. "Ten or twelve of his family [Goodlad], all mariners, were contemporary with Purchas"; Captain Richard Haddock, a Master Mariner, who was a contemporary of Purchas; the maritime family of the Bonners at Leigh in the time of Purchas; Richard Harris of Leigh, an Elder Brother of Trinity House, who was buried at Leigh in 1628; the Hare family of Leigh, several of whom were mariners; Abraham Cocke of Limehouse, who had a disasterous expedition to the River Plate in the reign of Elizabeth; and Richard Chester, Esq., of Leigh, mariner, Elder Brother of the Trinity House, and Master of the Society in 1615, who was buried in 1632 in Leigh (Ibid, p.169)</ref> The town was located on north shore of the Thames estuary, just to the east of Benfleet and Canvey island, and about fifteen miles downstream of Tilbury and Gravesend. Samuel Purchas, author of the ''Pilgrimage'', was also a Leigh resident.<ref>Samuel Purchas, ''Purchase his Pilgrimage or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered from the Creation to this present, vol. 1, and Hakluytus Poshumus; or Puchas his Pilgrimes, containing the History of the World in Sea-Voyages, and Land Travels by Englishmen and others'', vols. 2-5 (5 vols, London, 1613-1625)</ref> For a profile of the town see [[MRP: Lee|Leigh (alias Lee), Essex]]<br />
<br />
- CSG: William Goodlad (b. c.1576, d. ?1639), was a resident of Leigh, where he was also buried. He had been active in the Greenland fisheries since at least 1620. Purchas (1625) printed a letter from Captain William Goodlard (sic), dated 8 July 1623, sent from Bell-sound (on Spitsbergen) to vice-admiral William Heley. The letter reported the capture of "three and thirtie" whales in the sound, a very superior result to that of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound in 1656.<ref>Purchas (1625 [1906]), vol. xiii, pp. 24–25; vol. xiv, pp. 106–7</ref> On his tombstone, awaiting the second coming of his saviour, he was described as "Capr. WILLIAM GOODLAD, Chiefe Commander of the Greenland Fleet XX [20] yeares, and Maister of the Trinity House in anno 1638"<br />
<br />
- CSG: It is plausible that other members of Leigh mariners families were involved in the Greenland fisheries, and it would merit research to see if any members of the Owners Adventure and the Greyhound can definitely be linked to Leigh. In addition to the possible Maundry family connection, there is a possible Gostlin (alt. Gostling) family link, though this family name was more common in the C17th than that of Maundry.<ref>PROB 11/361 Will of Benjamine Gostlin, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 16 October 1679; King 125-176</ref><br />
<br />
- John Colvile, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex, mariner and gunner of the Owners Adventure: "''hee hath heard that the sayd Maundry and Gosling have used the Greeneland trade divers yeares and borne office in severall shipps to ther and behaved them selves well and honestly in their places''" (HCA 13/71 f.471v)<br />
<br />
'''Richard Parker'''<br />
<br />
- Harpooner and boatswaine of the Owners Adventure<br />
<br />
- "''during such tyme as the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were at Sea after their comming out of the Ice as aforesayd on Richard Parker a harponeere and boat swaine of the Owners Adventure did fasten an Iron to a wale and the arlate humfreys fastened alsoe an other Iron to her and Gosling and Maundrie and other harponeeres made fast their boates to the sayd Parker and humfrey to helpe to tyre the whale with toweing, and after they had soe bin towed by her about twelve howers the sayd humfrey cut loose his warpe and hee and the sayd Gosling and Maundry and their boates Crews and the other harponeeres and their Crewes (all but the sayd Parker and his Crew) came aboard the Owners Adventure and left the sayd Parker fast to the whale and gave over the chase And the sayd Damerell askeing them why they came away being the sayd Parker continued fast to her whereto they answered that shee towed soe swiftly that they were not able to gett neere her to fasten any more Irons in her nor to lannce her ˹by reason˺ shee towed soe feircely and the sea was soe rough, and sayd shee could not bee killed or to that effect whereupon the sayd whale afterwards comming neere to the shipp side and Parker continueing fast to her the sayd Damerell asked the sayd Parker why hee did not cutt away alsoe, of to that effect whereupon the sayd Parker cutt away and came on board alsoe and lett the whale goe''" (HCA 13/71 f.500Av, f. 501r)<br />
<br />
'''Mr. (?John) Pybus''' (alt. Pibus)<br />
<br />
- Captain of another English whaling ship<br />
<br />
- Appleby identifies "John Pybus, aged 44, of Greenwich, who was employed as master aboard the Adventure of Hull in 1656" (Appleby, 2008: 46). Appleby's source is HCA 13/71, ff.587r-588v. Pybus, by his own deposition, had served as master on five voyages to Spitsbergen and had been "master and harponeere" on an additional eleven voyages.<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf John C. Appleby, 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p.46 and fn. 116]</ref><br />
<br />
- A certificate for protection from impress was issued on April 14, 1657 for "John Pibus, master, and 17 on the ''Damasell''"<ref>April 14 (1657). Protection from impress. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54509 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Warrants of the Protector and Council. ', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Interregnum, 1656-7 (1883), pp. 580-588 ], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- The forfeitures of a "John Pibus" were granted to the Duke of Ormond in 1661. The forfeitures were the consequence of his condemnation in the Admiralty Court for "having seized a ship and goods belonging to merchants of the United Provinces."<ref>Undated 1661. No. 8. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54683 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 47: Undated 1661', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1861), pp. 200-213.], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- A "Capt. John Pybus of Greenwich" was recorded in 1666 in a communication in May 1666 between the Masters and Wardens of Trinity House and the Naval Commissioners as being master of the ''Sovereign''<ref>May 9, 166. Trinity House. Adm. Papers. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=54839 Mary Anne Everett Green (ed.), 'Charles II - volume 155: May 1-11, 1666', Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6 (1864), pp. 374-393], viewed 17/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
- Pybus is a name associated in the C16th and C17th with Yorkshire<br />
<br />
'''Edward Reynolds'''<br />
<br />
- Of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London<br />
<br />
- Cooper; Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question; aged fifty yeares<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Places===<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Bell Point and Bell Sound, from Edge's map, ca. 1611</u><ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_EXTRACT_Map_Edges_Greenland_ca1621_Travis_JT_1921_facp58_CSG_DL_IA_151012_copy.JPG|thumbnail|400px|none]]<br />
<br />
'''Bell point''' (alt. "Bell Poynt") (HCA 13/71 f.463v, f. 469v, f.474v)<br />
<br />
- "''neere Bell Point''" (HCA 13/71 f.469v)<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Pointe in Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
'''Bell sound'''<br />
<br />
- "''"the shipp was gone too farr Northwards of the harbour of Bell sound''" (HCA 13/71 f.465r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellsund Bellsund]<br />
<br />
- See Appleby, 2008: 53-54, citing S.P. 16/65/61: Claim by English Muscovy Company that "Bell Sound was too small to support the whaling activities of different interests. Covering a region of about seven miles in breadth, and ten in length, between 30 and 40 well-manned shallops were "''sufficient to fish that Harbour if not disturbed by others, and may kill as many whales as if there were doble the Nomber of boats''""<br />
<br />
'''Blackwall'''<br />
<br />
- "''all which when it was boyled at Blackwall after the retourne home of the sayd shipps from the sayd voyage, amounted to eighteene Tonnes of oyle or thereabouts''" (HCA 13/71 f.480v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd shipps Owners Adventure and Greyhound returned home onely with as much bloober as made (when it was boyled at Blackwall) eighteene tonns and upwards of oyle and the finns of two whales''" /HCA 13/71 f.500Av)<br />
<br />
* CSG: Worth exploring what can be found about whale oil processing at Blackwall and Blackwall docks in 1650s<br />
<br />
- The English East India Company leased (1653), then sold (1655) the Blackwall docks to the shipwright Henry Johnson, who had been apprenticed to Phineas Pett, the Royal shipwright at Deptford<ref>'The Years of Expansion: Henry Johnson, senior, and Blackwall Yard, 1653–83', in [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46533'CHAPTER XIX - Blackwall Yard', Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Blackwall Yard: Development, to c.1819', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 553-565],viewed 15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- The Survey of London has provides some limited details of commercial and industrial activities in the mid to late C17th. Mention is made of a ropeyard on the west side of Blackwall Causeway, of several ship building and repair yards, a wharf and warehouses, but no whale processing activities are described.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46532 'Hermione Hobhouse (ed.), 'Old Blackwall', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 548-552], viewed15 October 2012</ref><br />
<br />
- [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/image.aspx?compid=46532&filename=fig211.gif&pubid=369 Plan of Old Blackwall and Coldharbour, 1740]<br />
<br />
'''Darke Cove''' (HCA 13/71 f.477v)<br />
<br />
'''Greene harbour'''<br />
<br />
- "''Bell Sound or Greene harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.479v)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nfjorden Grønfjorden]<br />
<br />
<u>Detail showing Spitzbergen and surrounding seas, from Augustus Petermann (1853)</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Sea_Of_Spitzbergen_Petermann_A_JRGSoc_1853_vol23_Betwp130_131_FreeJournal_CSG_DL_151012.JPG|thumbnail|600px|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Greeneland'''<br />
<br />
- "''at Greeneland the Ice doth usually open and shutt, and men that goe thither when great yeares of Ice are most watch their opportunitie to get into harbour''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
- Wikipedia article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen Spitsbergen]<br />
<br />
'''Hope islands''' (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
- "''the backside of Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
'''Point Negro''' (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
- "''Point Negro being a Point to the Eastward beyond darke Cove''" (HCA 13/71 f.475r)<br />
<br />
'''Port of Bell point'''<br />
<br />
'''the West Ice'''<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Damerell say that the Owners Adventure and Greyhound were designed first for the West Ice which is called commonly Greane land, and there to goe to the Coast of Greeneland to fish in any place according to his the sayd Damerells direction''" (HCA 13/71 f.477r)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Ships===<br />
<br />
'''The Owners Adventure'''<br />
<br />
'''The Greyhound'''<br />
<br />
Four other '''"London shipps"'''<br />
<br />
- "(Thomas Damarell) ''hee knoweth the arlate Pybus ?Nelsy Child and Golding and saith they are all acconpted able sea men, and men that have used the Greeneland trade of fishing for many yeares, and accompted to bee well experienced therein''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
----<br />
==Themes==<br />
----<br />
===Arctic navigation and conditions===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Pybus his shipp by her goeing into the Ice at the same tyme and place (though notsoe farr as the Owners Adventure did) was soe much damnified and hurt thereby and by breaking through the Ice againe to sea, that when shee was gott cleere to Sea she was ready to sinke by reason of a hole the Ice had staved in her bowe, at which shee tooke five or sixe feete water in hold, and her company were ready to forsake her had shee not ther had the helpe of the Companyes of the sayd Golding NelXh and Child their shipps, and of the Company of the Owners Adventure to helpe to pumpe her and stopp her leake''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''this deponent did observe thet the Ice did beate ˹and drive˺ soe against the Rudder of the Owneres Adventure as shee was while shee laye fast to the Ice before shee begann to worke out againe, that hee much feares it would have staved her Rudder''" (HCA 13/71 f.470v)<br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''" (HCA 13/71 f.471r)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard some seamen who have used the sayd voyage, and alsoe the sayd Damerell himselfe sayd that some yeares they have had noe Ice in their passage to Greeneland''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "''by reason of the thicknesse of the Ice without giving cost to their Companys the Owners Adventure and Greyhound and the sayd Golding and Welches shipps by order of their masters made fast to the Ice and alsoe made fast one to an other lying board and board and the sayd Pybus and Child alsoe made fast their shipps to the Ice about a myle or two farther from shoare than the other fower shipps did and soe the sayd shipps all continued fast about fower and twenty howers and then the sayd Damerell commanded the Companyes of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound to loose their shipps from the Ice and also from the sayd Welch...''" (HCA 13/71 500Ar)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Economics===<br />
<br />
'''Revenue'''<br />
<br />
- "''the sd ship came & arrived at a place called Hope Iland as he hath heard & there the M:r & Comp:ie of her did get the blubber of some seahorse w:ch the fflemings had left ther as not thinking the same worth taking which sd blubber this rendent beleeveth was brought home in the sd ship to this rendent & Comp:ie the whole of whale blubber & horse blubber did amount unto 16. or 17. tonnes of course oyle and not above as he beleeveth & also about halfe a tonne of whale bone & not above as he beleeves all w:ch together w:th the charges of boyling custome & excise & other petty charges after the comming home therof deduced did extend to about 165:li or 170:li & noe more as he beleeveth''" ('Answer to fifth pretended position', HCA 13/128 (1656-1658), no foliation, recto, P1110041)<br />
<br />
- "''hee hath heard the sayd Pybus Welch Golding and Child after since they came home from the voyage in question saye, that after they lost the Company of the Owners Adventure and Greyhound they did light of an oportunity to gett into harbour and there made a good voyage and brought home good store of oyle and finns and soe much hee hath alsoe heard from divers of their Companyes''" (HCA 13/71 f.501r)<br />
<br />
See Appleby, 2008: 55-56 for economic arguments by English Muscovy Company in 1654 for enforcement of monopoly whaling rights with a proposed joint stock.<br />
<br />
Independent whalers responded to the demand for joint stock by publishing ''The Heads of the Answer of several Adventurers to Greenland, To the claim of the Muscovia Company of the two Harbors of Bel-Sound and Hornsound'' (Appleby, 2008: 56, citing S.P. 18/65/67).<br />
<br />
Appleby suggests that much of the published argument was based on material compiled by Edward Whittwell "who was representing the interests of independent traders in London" (citing C.S.P.D. 1653-54, 379-80, 392-3; C.S.P.D 1654, 16)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Monopoly vs. free trade debate===<br />
<br />
Both the interlopers and the English Muscovy company resorted to petitioning parliament on occasion in the 1640s and 1650s to assert their economic positions.<br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 60. The case of the freemen adventurers for the fishing in Greenland, presented to Parliament</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.377]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 61. Arguments by Fras. Ashe, Governor of the Muscovy Company, to prove that several interests cannot conveniently fish for whales in one harbour, but that it would be beneficial if they fished in several harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654) 62. Reasons why several adventurers and stocks cannot fish whales together in one harbour, and why the great harbour of Bell Sound should be fished by a joint stock, being too large for particular adventurers.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/377/mode/2upp CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.378]</ref><br />
<br />
* "There are more losing than gaining voyages made, but once in 3 or 4 years the whales come in shoals, and then 300 or 400 tuns of oil are made more than can be brought home, and are left in the company's storehouses till next year"<br />
<br />
* "4. It will send all to the harbours already settled, and none will visit the 30 or 40 more harbours discovered, but where the company do not fish"<br />
<br />
<u>(Jan.31 (1654)) 65. Five propositions by Edw. Whitwell, for himself and others, for regulating and increasing the fishing in Greenland by free admission of all. [1 page.]</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. 31. (1654) 69. Reasons by Rich. Eccleston on behalf of the adventurers of Hull, why the Greenland trade should be free.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>[Jan. 31.] (1654)) 70. Arguments addressed to the Council for Trade by Thomas and Lancelot Anderson, Edw. Whitwell, and 3 others, for the free adventurers</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.379]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Jan. ? (1654) 74. Petition of Fras. Ashe, Governor, and the Muscovy Company to the Protector.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/379/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.380]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 7 (1654) 18. Answers by Thos. Horth to the objections of the Muscovy company prefixed against his having 1/6 of the fishing</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.392]</ref><br />
<br />
* "3. That there can be more difficulty in the accounts than before, and he can prove that he is not insolvent, nor has purchased lands in his children's names, as several of the company have lately done, thus deceiving their just creditors; yet he has lost 30,000''l.'', 12,900 ''l.'' being within 18 months..."<br />
<br />
<u>Feb, 7. (1654) 19. Proposals made to the Protector by Edw. Whitwell and the Adventurers for Greenland in several stocks, concerning the late improvement by fishing in all the harbours.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/391/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), pp.392-93]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 65. Notes of proceedings in the Committee on the Greenland trade. — 31 Jan., 7 Feb. and 24 Feb. 1654.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.419]</ref><br />
<br />
* "Urges therefore that no new adventurer of only 2 or 3 years' standing should now be admitted. London, Hull, and Yarmouth have at great cost and loss defended Bell Sound, Home Sound, Green Harbour, Cross<br />
Road, Mettle Bay, and Sir Thos. Smith's Bay, but the late intruders, Warner, Whitwell, &c, have for 2 years only sent into the company's harbours 2 or 3 small vessels, which not only refused to join them to keep out the French and Dutch, but brought in Dutch strangers to manage their stock and adventure, the consequences of which will be most dangerous to English navigation."<ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>(Feb. 24. (1654)) 66. I. Miles Corbet, by order of the Navy Committee, to Mr. Balines [M.P. for Yarmouth]. The Merchant Adventurers of London have petitioned that the Greenland trade will soon be lost by intrusion of the French, Dutch, and Biskeners, unless prevented by Parliament, who referred the petition to the Navy Committee</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 67. Reasons by Thos. Horth for furnishing the Greenland adventurers with a competent number of seamen, as they have to fight to defend the harbours, as well as to guard their ships, and must have 50 or 55 men on each ship, of whom 25 or 30 should be able seamen and the rest landsmen.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/419/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.420]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 68. Estimate of ships required to guard and fish in the English harbours in Greenland</u> <ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 69. List of the 55 present members of the Muscovy Company, adventurers for Greenland</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Feb. 24. (1654) 70. List of 18 adventurers of Hull who join in the fishing.</u><ref>[http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/abd6186.0006.001.umich.edu#page/421/mode/2up CSPD, 1653-1654 (London, 1879), p.421]</ref><br />
----<br />
===Trade and political rivalry===<br />
<br />
The Spitsbergen whale fisheries were fought over, commercially and physically, by the English, the Dutch, the French and the Spanish, amongst others (Appleby, 2008: 29-30, 33)<br />
<br />
By the early to mid C17th Appleby suggests that informal separate spheres of interest had been established, with the Dutch concentrating on the northern shores of the archipelago, and the English on "the bays and harbours of the south-west" (Appleby, 2008: 33)<br />
<br />
There was considerable rivalry between the English Muscovy company, which supposedly monopolised the Spitsbergen whale trade, and the English whalers of the port of Hull (Appleby (2008: 34)). Appleby suggests that Hull men were involved in the whale trade from an early date, rather than being latecomers, and had their own special islands and bays separate from the English Muscovy company (Appleby, 2008: 35, 37)<br />
<br />
Hull interest in whaling dropped to nothing in the 1640s, though Hull claims to the trade were revived in the early 1650s, with a petition by independent traders to parliament in 1654, with attempt to gain access to Horn Sound and Bell Sound at Spitsbergen, which were considered comparatively ice free in the summer months (Appleby, 2008: 50-55)<br />
<br />
Attempt by English Muscovy company to perusade a newly appointed committe of the Council of Trade in early 1654 to restrict access to Bell Sound solely to the Muscovy Company, enforcing its claimed monopoly rights (Appleby, 2008: 53-55)<br />
<br />
''The underlying competition for access to the southern sounds and bays at Spitsbergen, an inherent characteristic of the trade since its earliest days, appears to have been intensified by the declining number of whales due to , particularly the onset of colder weather during the 1640s and beyond. Not only did this leave bays and harbours enveloped with ice for longer, cutting the hunting season, but also it may have contributed to increasing mortality among whales...According to the Company, even the "best Harbors make more loosing voyages than gayning, but once in 3,4, or 5 yeares the Whales Coming in plentifully by scoales."''<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 55, citing S.P. 18/65/62)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
The Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 caused severe disruption to English whalers in Spitsbergen, both independent and sent by the English Muscovy Company. "The evidence strongly suggests that the English struggled to send out more than a handful of vessels annually to Spitsbergen. By contrast, 70 Dutch ships were reportedly convoyed to Spitsbergen by three men-of-war during 1654.The following year between 24 and 50 French vessels apparently made 'great voyages' to the northern whaling grounds. In 1656 there seem to have been seven English ships at Spitsbergen, only one of which was from Hull...Although the Company's rights to the whaling trade were confirmed in January 1658, it was a hollow victory. By then the domestic market in England had been effectively captured by overseas competitors (Appleby, 2008: 57-58).<ref>Appleby cites C.S.P.D. 1657-58, 140-1, 161, 280, 343; Ashley, ''Financial and commercial policy'', 120; John C. Appleby. 'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), 36-7; [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), p. 58, f.n. 169)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
----<br />
===Voyage and legal timeline, 1656 & 1657===<br />
<br />
'''April 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "(of the Greyhound) ''the sd ship sett sayle from Gravesend upon or about the fourteenth of Aprill 1656. & not before as they beleeve''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''June 1656'''<br />
<br />
<u>15th</u><br />
<br />
* "''hee heard the sayd Damerell on the fifteenth day of June 1656 command the Companye of the Owners Adventure to worke into the Ice with the other ffower shipps pr''e''deposed''" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
<u>17th</u><br />
<br />
- "''heard him on the seaventeenth day commend the sayd Company to worke further into the Ice than the other fower shipps dud, both which commands hee saith the sayd Gosling and Maunfrie also heard and well understood" (HCA 13/71 f.472r)<br />
<br />
- "upon the 17th day of June aforesayd the sayd Gosling seeing and hearing the sayd Damerell command the sayd shipps Company to worke into the Ice than the other fower shipps did, the sayd Gosling ADD TEXT''" (HCA 13/71 ff.472r-472v)<br />
<br />
'''September 1656'''<br />
<br />
* "''y:e ship the Greyhound came back againe into the River of Thames & was here discharged upon or about the fowrteenth day of September 1656''" (HCA 13/128, no foliation, P1110030 verso)<br />
<br />
'''December 1656'''<br />
<br />
Depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
<br />
'''23rd'''<br />
<br />
Deposition of Thomas Damerell<br />
<br />
'''January 1657'''<br />
<br />
Further depositions in High Court of Admiralty (HCA 13/71)<br />
----<br />
===Wages===<br />
<br />
HCA 13/128 contains further HCA suits relating to Batson con Gosling. They include a suit for wages, brought by Edward Gosling, the masters mate of the Owners Adventure, against Richard Batson. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
They also include a suit for wages brought by crew of the ''Greyhound'', the pinke which went with the ''Owners Adventure'' on the ill fated voyage to Spitsbergen in the summer of 1656. <ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
The suit brought by the crew of the Greyhound (described as "on the behalfe of Henry ffreeman and others") contains a schedule of wages which the defendants accept as that agreed at the hiring of the crew:<br />
<br />
"''they answere & beleeve all the parties allegate were hyred to serve in the vessell the Greyhound allegate by order of these rendents as they beleeve for the wages expressed in the schedule annexed to these rendents answeres and noe more as they beleeve for a fishing voiage to be made in the sd vessell for Greeneland''"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
<br />
<u>The Schedule</u><br />
<br />
The schedule menconed in the Answeres<br />
<br />
Henry ffreeman for twelve pounds whereof<br />
recd three pounds in money before he went<br />
out & fower shills & ten pence more unpon Cloathes<br />
soe in case he had pformed the voiage in Greenland<br />
as he might to have done there remaine<br />
<br />
8:li - 15 - 2<br />
<br />
John Burgen for fifteene pounds whereof recd<br />
three pounds before he went out & stwo shill and<br />
two oence upon cloathes so in case he had pformed<br />
his voiage to Greeneland as he ought tp have done<br />
there remaines<br />
<br />
11:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 10<br />
<br />
John Gold for five pounds wherof recd twenty<br />
shills, and one pound. two shills & six pence in cloaths<br />
so in case he had gone to Greenland and<br />
there pformed what he ought to have done there had<br />
remained<br />
<br />
2:li - 19 (OR, 17)- 6<br />
<br />
Nicholas Taylor at Thirty five shillings p<br />
moneth whereof recd before hee went out<br />
Thirty five shill and in cloathes Three shill<br />
fower pennce, and he was in the ship from the<br />
14:th of Aprill 1656; which is five moneths soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 16 - 8<br />
<br />
Thomas ffrost shipped at thirty nyne shills per<br />
moneth whereof recd one moneths pay before<br />
his foeing out & fifteene shills foure pence for cloathes<br />
& was in the ship the time aforesd, soe thre remaines<br />
in case he had pformed the voiage as he ought to<br />
have done<br />
<br />
7:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
John Clarke shipped at thirty Eight shill p moneth<br />
whereof recd one pound Eighteene shill before his goeing out & one pound two shill . eight pence for<br />
cloathe, & was in the ship the time aforesd soe<br />
there remaines in case he had pformed his<br />
voiage as he ought to have done<br />
<br />
6:li - 09 - 4<br />
<br />
Dennis Yarmouth shipped at thirty foure shill<br />
p moneth recd one pound fowerteene shills<br />
before his departure, & fifteene shill foure<br />
pence for cloathes & was in the shipp the<br />
tyme aforesd, soe there remaines in case<br />
hee had pformed his voiage as he ought<br />
<br />
6:li - 0 - 8<br />
<br />
RICHARD BATSON [His signature]<br />
H BEANE ?Esqr [His signature]<br />
GUW GOULEGAY (sic) [His signature]"<ref>[[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656/57, no foliation]]</ref><br />
----<br />
==Depositions==<br />
<br />
===1. John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 18/12/1656<br />
<br />
'' "the sayd Damarell sawe some fish spoute among the Ice neere where the sayd shipp lay and cryed out to the Company a whale a whale and commanded the sayd Maundrey and Gosling and the rest of the harponeeres to manne their shallops and make after the sayd ffish which they did, and comming up with the sayd ffish found them to bee certaine ffish called Jubartas, which are a ffish the English use not to fasten upon by reason of their swifte motion and for that they are of smale profitt and more dangerous to deal with than whales are; which the Company having discovered did not strike at the sayd fish..."''<ref>Deposition of John Ely of Saint Mary Magdalen Bermondsey in the County of Surrey Mariner aged twenty eight yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.464r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
===2. John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 29/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''did expect that the sayd Damarall the Master would have given order to have wrought the sayd shipp further into the Ice or at least made her fast to the Ice" ''<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.469r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the sayd Damerell did goe aboard them and finding noe fitt opportunity to gaine any harbour was forced to keepe sea whereby some of the Owners Adventure for want of refreshment on shore fell sick of the scurvie, and some of the Greyhounds Company dyed thereof''"<ref>Deposition John Colvile of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Gunner of the Owners Adventure aged thirty sixe yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===3. William Clarkson of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Shipwright Carpenter of the Owners Adventure aged twenty nine yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 03/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===X. Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 23/12/1656<br />
<br />
- "''hee knoweth of noe difference which happened betwixt the sayd Damerell and Gosling or Maundry save the difference and ill language by him this deponent before mentioned, which difference did (in this deponents Judgment) arise by the sayd Damerells wilfullnesse and rashnesse in desyring and Commanding his shipps company to worke the sayd shipp further into the Ice than other shipps would and did adventure, and by his provoaking the sayd Gosling with ill language as aforesayd''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471r</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Maundrie and Gosling and this deponent and others of the Company of the Owners Adventure did pursue the whale in this article mentioned, eight or tenn howers togeather, the sayd Gosling and one Richard Parker the Boatswaine of the Owners Adventure and ˹william humphrey˺ having as harponeeres stricken the sayd whale and fastned their warps, and the sayd whale notwithstanding ranne soe fast into a growne Sea and towed the boates who pursued her soe fast, that they were in danger to bee cast away by and to sheere under water by the swiftenesse of the whales motion, which was soe speedy that the shipp owners Adventure had much a doe with the helpe of a XXXX gale of winde to followe the shallopps or boates soe fast as the whale towed or runne with them, And hee saith that after the sayd shipps Company had soe longe persued the sayd whale and the sayd Goslings harpeing Iron breakeing out of the whale and the sayd Gosling having come about along thXXXX and not being able to fasten ˹his harpeing Iron˺ againe did take holde of other shallops and helpe them to hinder the whales motion, but all proveing ineffectual to the takeing of her by reason of the growne Sea ˹and the swiftnesse of the whale in question˺ the sayd Damerell seeing noe hopes of takeing the sayd whale, did call to the sayd Richard Packer and bidd him cut his warpe (which still continued fast to the whale) and come on board, And this deponent being one who rowed in the sayd Maundeys shallop or boate and helped to pursue the sayd whale, thereby well knoweth that the sayd Gosling Maundry and the rest of the sayd shipps Company who pursued the sayd whale did as much as possibly could bee done to kill the sayd whale, and did not in any thing disb disobey the Command of the sayd Damerell touching the pursuiXt and chase of ˹her˺ soe farr as this deponent could and did observe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.471v</ref><br />
<br />
- "''the arlate Mr Beane did in the presence of the arlate Mr Batson and in the sayd Batsons Counteing house tender unto this deponent a paper which the sayd Batsons man brought ready written with the names of severall of the Owners Adventures Company subscribed thereto, which writeing did imparte ˹thus or the like in effect videlicet˺ that the refusall of the sayd shipps Company to obey the Commands of the sayd Damerall was the cause of the Overthrowe of the voyage in question, and the sayd Beane and Batson desyred this deponent to sett his hand to the sayd noat, and told him if hee would subscribe the same they would doe more for him this deponent than they had done for any other of the subscribers, but this deponen having perused and read some part of the sayd paper and knowing the contents thereof to bee false, refused to subscribe thereto''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
"''hee heard the sayd Maurice fford saye that (who is one of those whose names are subscribed to the sayd noate saye, that if the (speakeing of the sayd Batson) and meaning also the sayd Beane (as this deponent beleeveth)had not promised to pay him his wages, hee woukd have seene them hanged before hee would have come into Court (meaning this Court) to testifie on their behalfe''"<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.472r</ref><br />
<br />
- ''"did alsoe committ the Ordering and Command and direction of the sayd shipp Greyhound for the same voyage to him this deponent shee being a Pinke appointed to attende the sayd shipp Owners Adventure, and bee assistant to her in her sayd ffishing voyage"''<ref>Case: Richard Batson Humfrey Beane Gowan Golderne and Company against Edward Goslinge Richard Maundrie and William Humfreye: Thomas Damerell of Lymehouse in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Mariner Master of the shipp the Owners Adventure and Commander alsoe of the Greyhound aged 37 yeares, TNA, HCA 13/71 f.479r</ref><br />
----<br />
===Deposition of Edmond Reynolds of the parish of Saint Botolph Algate London Cooper and Cooper of the Owners Adventure for the voyage in question aged fifty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made on 01/01/1656 (57)<br />
----<br />
===6. Richard Kirton of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex Overseer of the Landsmen in the XXXX XXXX XXXXX aged forty yeares===<br />
<br />
- Deposition made in 29/01/1656 (i.e. modern 1667)<br />
----<br />
==People linkage data==<br />
<br />
<u>Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, marriage register, 1640-1692</u>_<br />
<br />
'''Damerell''' (and variants)<br />
<br />
"1652. Aug. 14 William Damerell of Lymehouse, Marriner & Elizabeth Berwick. M."<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n177/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899), p.83], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<u>Trinity House of Deptford</u><br />
<br />
"381. [Before 4 Feb. 1630] James Moyer, William Knight, Bence Johnson, Daniel Gatts and James Dammarell [to Trinity House. See 382.]<br />
<br />
Trinity House are asked to establish a consul in this port of Leghorn. The post being void and leaving no one to speak for them, 'our' nation is much slighted by the ministers of the duke [of Tuscany], and 'much exacted upon' to the prejudice of shipping coming to the port. Morgan Read is willing to accept the place, being honest and able, of good repute with the duke, with sufficient means, and much respected by shipmasters and merchants. He has promised to write to Trinity House about the post [380]."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63926 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 2: 1630', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 106-112], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
"228. [f.78v. ? Before 15 March 1625] Shipmasters and owners to Trinity House [See 229–30.]<br />
<br />
In 1617, the writers agreed to an imposition of £1,000 a year for 2 years to suppress Turkish pirates and to ensure more safety in trade and southern navigation. Trinity House promised that it would be levied for only 2 years. It has now continued for 4 years and double the agreed sum has been paid (namely £4,000), but they are still liable. Trinity House are requested to petition the duke of Buckingham to end the imposition. Bernard Motam, Thomas Browne, William Reickes, John Tomson, William Goodlard, John Hide, George Lissant, William Ball, Thomas Breadcake, James Ireland, Robert Tockly, Thomas Tomson, Humphrey Sallowes, William Craiford, John Wetherly, Edward Robertes, Thomas Davis, '''James Damarell''', Tristram Wise, John Badiley, John Miller, John Goodwyn, William Peirson, Thomas Nicholles, John Mote, John Lingwood, Robert Bence, Robert Swyer, John Wharey, Thomas Martin, Thomas Gibbes, Roger Twiddy, Anthony Tichen, William Knight, John Ewers, Daniel Cadman, Henry Tawton, Anthony Wood, James Moyer, John Dennis, George Bodham, John Jenken, Edmond Grove, Richard Cooper, William Bushell, John Gibbs, Richard Hooper, Edward Acworth, John Hemmens, Richard Rassell, Squier Bence, William Grove, Jeremy Cornellis, Thomas Nelmes, John Gibbens, George Browne, John Bence, John Mason, Matthew Barret, Richard Broomfeild, Peter Milborn, Roger Sherman, George Clarckson, John Swanton, Robert Bowers, Edward Gardener, William Eeles, Matthew Wood, Richard Chamlet, William Mellowe, Thomas Addison, Thomas Sherwyn, John Andrewes, Thomas Foarde, William West, William Hill, John Ellman, William Low, Christopher Dunn, Henry West, John Stafford, William Smith, John Lowe, Robert Williams, John Arnold, William Goose, Richard Cole, John Johnson, William Smith, Henry West, Thomas Battell, Henry Page, John Bundocke, John Graunt, Martin Errington, John Sayer, John Doves, John Norwood, James Peterson, John Arnold, John Low, William Greene, Thomas Chall, Robert Rypinge, Nicholas Bradshow, Jonas Pereman, Thomas Montinge."<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63920 G.G.Harris (ed.), 'Transactions - vol. 1: 1624-5', Trinity House of Deptford Transactions, 1609-35: London Record Society 19 (1983), pp. 58-65.], BHOL, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
==C17th and later maps==<br />
<br />
Edges’ map of "Greenland" (Spitzbergen), ca. 1611<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n65/mode/1up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921), facing p.58], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Petermann, Augustus, 'Map of the Sea of Spitzbergen', to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1797955.pdf?acceptTC=true Petermann, Augustus, Map of the Sea of Soitzbergen, to illustrate 'Sir John Franklin, the Sea of Spitzbergen, and Whale-Fisheries in the Arctic Regions', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 23, 1853, betw. p. 130 & 131], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
----<br />
===Primary sources===<br />
----<br />
====BL====<br />
<br />
'''Cotton MS Appendix LIX''': Title: James Hall, Account of the Danish expedition to Greenland, 2 May–10 August 1605, including ‘A tophigraphicall discription of the land as I did discover the same’ (7r–v) and ‘The forme and maner of the langage ussid amonges their savage people’ (English–Inuit glossary) (10r–v)<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/68''': Title: 68. Notes concerning the question between the Dutch and English touching the fishery upon the coast of Greenland. fo. 402.<br />
<br />
'''Lansdowne MS 142/69''': Title: 69. "The Humble Peticion and Remonstrance of the Fellowshippe of English Merchants for discovery of newe Trade's, concerning their priviledges, the supportinge of the Trade to Russia, and the Whale fishinge at Greeneland and in the Northern Seas... Date: Unspecified<br />
<br />
'''Sloane MS. 3986, ff. 78v, 79-79v''' (and others)<br />
<br />
----<br />
====IGI====<br />
<br />
<u>Selection of Damerell records, Stepney, 1630-1670</u><br />
<br />
Variants: Damerell, Damerill; Dammarill; Damorill; Damroll; Danrell; Dameryll; Dameryll; Dumerill;<br />
<br />
Joanna Damerell; bap. 20 May 1650; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Andrew Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 18 May 1651<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JMVM-1V3 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Joanna Damerell, 20 May 1650; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
James Damerell; bap. 02 Aug 1651; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Thomas Damerell; mother: Judith<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-D94 : accessed 18 Oct 2012), James Damerell, 02 Aug 1651; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417.]</ref><br />
<br />
Elizabeth Damerell; bap. 29 Oct 1656; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: William Damerell; mother: Elizabeth; death: 29 Sep 1657 <ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JQYT-Q7Q : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Elizabeth Damerell, 29 Oct 1656; citing reference, FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
Mary Damerell ; bap. 06 Oct 1667; Saint Dunstan, Stepney; father: Henry Damerell; mother: Susan<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC "England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NYT6-JSC : accessed 18 Oct 2012), Mary Damerell, 06 Oct 1667; citing reference , FHL microfilm 595417, 595418.]</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
====TNA====<br />
<br />
'''C''' (Chancery)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/125Pt1/24''' Short title: Chapman v Goldegay. Plaintiffs: Robert Chapman. Defendants: Gower Goldegay and Giles Ray. Subject: money matters, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1652.<br />
<br />
'''C 6/134/15''' Short title: Batson v Colvile. Plaintiffs: Richard Batson and Gowen Goldagne. Defendants: Robert Colvile, John Colvile and William Clarkson. Subject: money matters. Document type: answer only. 1657<br />
<br />
- CSG: There is a very good chance that the above Chancery case involves two of the three partners of Richard Batson and Company and two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others"<br />
<br />
- CSG: Gowen Goldagne (and variants of that name) is mentioned in HCA 13/71 f.479r; there is also a mention of "Mr. Covell" (one of the owners of the Owners Adventure) (HCA 13/71 f.466v)<br />
<br />
Two of the deponents in "Batson against Goslin and others" are William Clarkson (Of Shadwell in the parish of Stepney and County of Middlesex, Shipwright; Carpenter of the Owners Adventure, aged twenty nine), and John Colville (Mariner, Gunner of the Owners Adventure, of Ratcliff in the parish of Stepney, Middlesex)<br />
<br />
'''C 6/136/169''' Short title: Watkins v Merchants of London. Plaintiffs: Mary Watkins widow. Defendants: Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies [East India Company] and Richard Batson. Subject: money matters, London, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1657<br />
----<br />
'''E''' (Exchequer)<br />
<br />
'''E 178/5525''': NORFOLK: Yarmouth Certificate as to the accounts of the profits of a voyage to Greenland (Hoarth v. Attorney-General and Lady Slingsby). 9 Chas. I.<br />
<br />
'''E 134/8&9Chas1/Hil5''': Thomas Horth, of Yarmouth (Norfolk), merchant. v. William Noy (Attorney-General), Dame Margaret Slingsby, widow.: Grant by Letters Patent by Chas. 1. to Nath. Edwards of the privilege of fishing and the "setting out ships for the getting of fish and making of oils in Greenland for the furnishing of Scotland with that commodity," assigned by Edwards to the plaintiff. Touching the detention of plaintiff's ships at Great Yarmouth by the water bailiff, &c., &c.: Norfolk. 8 & 9 Chas 1<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''HCA''' (High Court of Admiralty)<br />
<br />
'''HCA 13/128'''<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-ef0c555185f789cdebec8f9fb1471357b6b3125e|Case: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humphrey Beane, & Gowen Goldegay: Date: January 13th 1656 (modern 1657)]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-078e08c458106cbf6bfdfd50dc6f6d2ff5f871bb|Case: Edward Gosling, wages: Answer: Richard Batson: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-5933812a00d3bda4ac6eec3c6c312f8c8b80164a|Allegation: XXXX: Answer: Richard Batson, Humfry Beane & Gowden Goldgue (als. Goldeye): Date: Feb ?8th 1656]]<br />
<br />
- [[MRP: HCA 13/128#head-327a88fee2bc48d8911dc233747ff50a9997d516|Case: XXXX: Personal answeres: Edward Goslin & XXX XXXXXX: Date: XXXX]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''PROB''' (Prerogative Court of Canterbury)<br />
<br />
'''PROB 4/10611''': Inventory; Serjent, Thomas, of Barking, London, ob. in Greenland, batcheler: 1675 1 Oct.<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/160/460''': Will of James Damerell, Mariner of Stepney, Middlesex; 24 October 1631<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/269/534''': Will of Gowen Goldegay of Whitefriars, City of London; 14 November 1657<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/297/85''': Will of Elias Ely, Mariner of Saint Thomas Hospital, Surrey; 21 March 1660<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/298''': Will of John Mandry, Mariner of Leigh, Essex 17 April 1660; Nabbs 52-105<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/362''': Will of Humphry Beane of Ebbisham, Surrey; 14 January 1680; Bath 1-59<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/373/446''': Will of William Clarkson, Shipwright of Romford, Essex; 18 August 1683<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/424''': Will of Richard Batson, Cutler; June 16th 1667; Carr 59-116 CHECK REFERENCE<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/461/57''': Will of John Ely, Mariner of Stepney, Middlese; 01 July 1701<br />
<br />
'''PROB 11/524/234''': Will of John Pybus, Mariner of East Greenwich, Kent; 02 November 1711<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/5/78''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 18/6/3''': Probate lawsuit Damerell v Baker and Larbe, concerning the deceased Rachael Hall, widow of Stepney, Middlesex. Allegation and interrogatory; 1673<br />
<br />
'''PROB 36/2''': Name of deceased: Hull, Rachel Stepney, Middx Case title and other data: Damerell con Baker; 1674<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''SP''' (State Papers)<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/60''': The Case of many Freemen of England that have adventured and desire to adventure, to fish in Greenland (petition to parliament, January 1654)<br />
<br />
- See Appeby, 2008: 51<br />
<br />
'''S.P. 18/65/61-67''':Collection of papers relating to whaling cited by Appleby, 2008<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 5''': Order of the Council for Trade that for this year Bell Sound and Horn Sound shall be reserved for the Company of Merchant Adventurers to Greenland and the rest of the harbours left free for all other Englishmen. Copy. 1650/1 Mar. 3<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 8-12''': The proceedings at the Council for Trade, between the Muscovia Company, Monopolizers of the trade of Greenland, and others, Adventurers thither, for a Free Trade: Printed: [1651]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 15-16''': Petition of the Muscovia Company Adventurers to Greenland stating that their right to the sole fishing in Bell Sound and Horn Sound, Greenland, had been infringed and asking the Council to resolve the matter. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 17-18 ''': Reasons why the Muscovia Company should have priority in, if not the whole of, the fishing in Greenland: Copy. 1651/2 Jan.<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 19-20 ''': The names of the Adventurers in the present joint stock for Greenland. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 23-24''': Description of the present state of the Greenland fishing and the methods employed, and conclusions drawn therefrom [by the Muscovia Company]. Copy. [1651/2 Jan.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 141''': Petition to the Committee for Foreign Affairs by Thomas Horth asking that no decision should be taken on the suggestions of the Greenland Company until his answers thereto have been considered. (Enclosure at f.145): [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 143-144''': Answers of Thomas Horth to the claims of the Greenland Company. 1649 Dec. 31<br />
<br />
'''SP 46/96/fo 145''': Answer, given to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, by Thomas Horth in reply to the Muscovia or Greenland Company: (Enclosure to f.141). [1651/2 Feb.]<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/272''': Placaet ende Verbodt. Forbidding the export of fishing and whaling equipment The Hague, Hillebrant van Wouw, 1665 (in Dutch language)<br />
<br />
'''SP 119/326''': Placcaet. Forbidding navigation and whaling in and around Greenland in 1673 The Hague, Jacobus Scheltus, 1673 (in Dutch language)<br />
----<br />
<br />
====Printed====<br />
<br />
Pelham, Edward, ''God's Power and Providence'' (?London, 1631)<br />
<br />
- Account of first English wintering in Spitsbergen in 1630-31<br />
<br />
de La Peyrère, Isaac, ''Histoire du Groenland'' (XXXX, XXXX)<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Secondary sources===<br />
<br />
Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', ''HMAP Asia Project Paper'', no. 161, October 2009<ref>[http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp161.pdf Acebes, Jo Marie V., 'Historic whaling in the Philippines: origins of 'indigenous subsistence whaling', mapping whaling grounds and comparison with current known distribution', HMAP Asia Project Paper, no. 161, October 2009)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Appleby, John C.,'A voyage to Greenland for the catching of whales: English whaling enterprise in the seventeenth century', ''International Journal of Maritime History'', 9 (1997), pp. 29-49<br />
<br />
Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', ''The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord'', XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59<ref>[http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol18/tnm_18_2_23-59.pdf Appleby, John C., 'Conflict, cooperation and competition: The rise and fall of the Hull whaling trade during the seventeenth century', The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XVIII No. 2, (April 2008), 23-59)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Bourne, Arthur G., 'Exploitation of the Small Whales in the North Atlantic', Oryx / Volume8 / Issue03 / December 1965, pp 185-193; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300004531 (About DOI), Published online: 24 April 2009<br />
<br />
Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z04-146#.UHwHQ1FLZE4 Toolika Rastogi, Moira W Brown, Brenna A McLeod, Timothy R Frasier, Robert Grenier, Stephen L Cumbaa, Jeya Nadarajah, Bradley N White, 'Genetic analysis of 16th-century whale bones prompts a revision of the impact of Basque whaling on right and bowhead whales in the western North Atlantic', ''Canadian Journal of Zoology'', 2004, 82(10): 1647-1654, 10.1139/z04-146], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/marriageregister02step#page/n5/mode/2up Colyer-Fergusson, Thomas, The marriage registers of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, in the county of Middlesex (Private printing, 1899)], Internet Archive, viewed 19/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/earlydutchenglis00conwrich#page/n7/mode/2up Conway, Martin, ''Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1904)], Internet Archive, viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Conway, Martin, ''No man's land: a history of Spitzbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country'' (Cambridge, 1906)<br />
<br />
Hacquebord, Louwrens, 'Three 17th century whaling stations in southeastern Svalbard: an archaeological missing link', ''Polar Record'', 24 (1988), pp. ?-?<br />
<br />
van Holk, A.G.F. (ed.), ''Early European exploitation of the Northern Atlantic 800-1700'' (Groningen, 1981)<br />
<br />
Jackson, Gordon, ''The British whaling trade'' (London, 1978)<br />
<br />
Jenkins, James Travis, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/historyofwhalefi00jenkrich#page/n7/mode/2up James Travis Jenkins, ''A history of the whale fisheries: from the Basque fisheries of the tenth century to the hunting of the finner whale at the present date'' (London, 1921)], viewed 15/10/12</ref><br />
<br />
Ch. 1: A history of the whale fisheries (pp.11-38)<br />
Ch. 2: The economics of whaling (pp.39-58)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, ''The Arctic: a history'' (Stroud, 1994)<br />
<br />
Vaughan, Richard, 'Bowhead whaling in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during the 18th and 19th Centuries', ''Polar Record'' / Volume23 / Issue144 / September 1986, pp 289-299; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400007117 (About DOI), Published online: 27 October 2009<br />
<br />
White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/collectionofdocu00whitrich#page/n7/mode/2up White, Adam (ed.), ''A collection of documents on Spitzbergen & Greenland'' (Hakluyt Society, 18, 1855)], viewed 15/10/12</ref></div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=Team_Colin&diff=72343Team Colin2012-09-23T20:25:21Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Team Colin'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
23/08/12: CSG, created page<br />
----<br />
__TOC__<br />
----<br />
==Suggested links==<br />
<br />
[[Page log|Page log]]<br />
[[Team Jill|Team Jill]]<br />
[[Team William|Team William]]<br />
[[Team Giovanni/Patrizia|Team Giovanni/Patrizia]]<br />
<br />
[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/category/team-colin/ MarineLives-Transcript: Team Colin]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Tasks for the week==<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 20th August 2012===<br />
<br />
* '''19/08/12:''' Uploaded four images (HCA 13/71 f.19r, f.19v, f.20r, f.21r)<br />
<br />
- These are images for palaeography practise by all MarineLives team members<br />
<br />
* '''22/08/12:''' Uploaded twenty seven images (HCA 13/71 f.21v-f.34v)<br />
<br />
- These are additional images for palaeography practise by all MarineLives team members<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 30th August 2012===<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 3rd September 2012===<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 10th September 2012===<br />
<br />
====Notes and help for Colin week 2 HCA 13/71 f.80r to HCA 13/71 f.89r====<br />
<br />
Below you can find some slides with common names, places, ships, and words that come up in this set of documents. You can also find an alphabet made from clippings from that set of documents.<br />
----<br />
=====Alphabet=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2alphabet.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Names=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2names.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Places=====<br />
<br />
'''10/09/12:''' Mathalagoe in slide below is possibly "Nathalagoe" (Colin Greenstreet)<br />
- Can an associate or a facilitator find it on a map and identify what the modern name is for this place?<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2places.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Ships=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2ships.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Common Words=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2commonwords.png|thumbnail|800px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2reced.png|right]]<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2freight.png|right]]<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing September 17th (week two of transcription)===<br />
----<br />
====Interesting places====<br />
<br />
'''Horsey down'''<br />
<br />
Horsey down appears in a law suit over the failure to pay the wages of the shipwrights and shipcarpenters for the repair of a ship called the Swan (formerly the Satisfaction) The boat was being repaired at the personal wharf of John Mayor: "his key is neer the horsey downe new staires", which was on the Thames. ([http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=363&scripto_doc_page_id=447 HCA 13/71 f.138r P1130442])<br />
<br />
But where was or is Horsey down?<br />
<br />
* There is a modern Horsey down in Wiltshire, but the one in HCA 13/71 f.138r is clearly on the Thames. Looking at John Strype's Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster helps us focus our search. The online academic edition of Strype's book is easily searchable, and yields the following entry:<br />
<br />
"''The TEMPORAL GOVERNMENT. [Maiors and Sheriffs.]<br />
A.D. 1683. } { Peter Daniel, Haberdasher.<br />
35 Car' II. } Sheriffs, [ [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/images/figures/book5_150_image1.jpg Click here to view Image of coat of arms, Sir William Pritchard] ] { Sam. Dashwood, Vintner.<br />
MAIOR, Sir William Pritchard, Mercht. Taylor,<br />
Son of Francis Pritchard of Horsey-Down in Southwark, Surrey.''"<ref>Strype, Survey of London (1720), [online] (hriOnline, Sheffield). Available from:- http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book5_150&display=normal Accessed 18.9.2012</ref><br />
<br />
* Knowing that Horsey down, or "Horsey-down", was in Southwark, helps a lot with the next search, which yields the following entry on an online numismatic site called 'British Farthings'<br />
<br />
"''Horslydown (or Horsey Down): So called from its having been used as a grazing place for horses''"<ref>http://www.britishfarthings.com/Tokens/17th-Century/Southwark/Horslydown.html, accessed 18/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
The farthings listed under this entry include:<br />
<br />
"''W267: Southwark, Horslydown (or Horsey Down) (Farthing): (1657)<br />
O Three sailors<br />
AT YE 3 MARRINERS IN<br />
R R S S<br />
HORSSE DOWNE 1657 R S S''"<br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
"''W271: Southwark, Horslydown (or Horsey Down) (Farthing): (Date Unknown)<br />
O [Blank]<br />
THE GREEN MAN AT<br />
R W T V<br />
HORSEN DOWNE STARES W T V''"<br />
<br />
The second farthing, with its mention of "Horsen downe stares", together with the maritime theme of the first farthing, suggests that at least part of Horsey down was on the River Thames (as was suggested in the extract from HCA 13/71 f.138r, which started this search ("his key is neer the horsey downe new staires")<br />
<br />
* Now to some secondary sources.<br />
<br />
Edward Walford in volume 6 of Old and New London (London, 1878) provides a description of Tooley Street, in Bermondsey, Southwark. This is available at British History online.<ref>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45269, accessed 18/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
Reading this entry, it is soon apparent that prior to 1733, Horsey down, also known as Horselydown, was a district of the Southwark parish of St. Olaves. St. Olaves church being located on the north side of Tooley Street. Following the building of its own church in 1732, Horsey down became an independent parish, known as the parish of St. John.<br />
<br />
Walford, reviewing early seventeenth century accounts of the derivation of the name, includes the observation:<br />
<br />
"''speaking of the derivation of the name of Horselydown, the author of "A New View of London" (1708), remarks: "This street, as I was told by a sober counsellor at law, who said he had it from an old record, was so called for that the water, formerly overflowing it, was so effectually drawn off that the place became a green field, where horses and other cattle used to pasture and lye down before the street was built." Near it, as we further learn from the same work, was Horselydown Fair Street, described as a considerable street, between Paris Street, Tooley Street, and Five Foot Lane, Southwark.''"<br />
<br />
<u>Modern map of Tooley Street</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Tooley_Street_Horsey_Down_Southwark_180912.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Laura: ""St Christopher neere the Stocks""<br />
Thomas Coclough in HCA 13/73 f.199r P1130555 is from 'the parish of St Christoper neere the stocks' - I think this might be the Church 'St Christopher Le Stocks' which stood in Threadneedle Street until 1781. The church fell foul of the Great Fire of London and was rebuilt by Christopher Wren in 1680. In 1781, the parish of St Christopher's was merged by Act of Parliament with the parish of a nearby church St Margaret's so that the church of St Christopher could be removed to make way for the expansion of the neighbouring building housing the Bank of England. This was quite thankless on the Bank of England's part as in 1780 the church of St Christopher seems to have been used as a makeshift garrison to protect the Bank of England during the Gordon riots. The Church seems to have been named due to its proximity to Cheapside's stocks.<br />
<br />
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====Interesting people====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
====Interesting commodities====<br />
<br />
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==TIPS from Colin==<br />
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===TIP: Snipping images of difficult words and phrases and sending by SKYPE to your team facilitator or fellow team mate===<br />
<br />
'''TIP: Did you know that you can use Microsoft's nifty SNIPPING TOOL to snip out a word, or phrase, form the digital image of the manuscript page you are looking at and then send it via SKYPE to your team facilitator or to a fellow team mate to get their view on the problem?'''<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Snipping_Tool_Horsey_Down_180912.png]]<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Snip_Via_SKYPE_180912.png]]<br />
<br />
Here is what you do.<br />
<br />
(1) Open Snipping Tool (which comes as standard with MS-Windows)<br />
<br />
(2) Highlight the word or phrase you want to share and copy it using the snip tool<br />
<br />
(3) Open a chat box in SKYPE with the person or persons you want to share it with and simply paste it into the box with CTRL + V<br />
<br />
(4) The snipped image is then sent to the person or persons you have invited to look at it. They click on SAVE IMAGE in the SKYPE box, look at the image, and type into the Chat box what they see.<br />
<br />
This has saved me, Jill Wilcox and William Tullett hours as we have been improving our palaeographical skills over the last few weeks.<br />
<br />
----<br />
===TIP: Common words which may prove difficult===<br />
<br />
* Contest; precontest<br />
<br />
* Rendent<br />
<br />
* y:t (transcribe this as "that")<br />
<br />
* y:m (transcribe this as "them")<br />
<br />
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===TIP: Legal language===<br />
<br />
* Note that you answer to an interrogatory, but depose to the articles of an allegation (allon)<br />
<br />
* Note that deponents are often asked whether they have an interest in the cause and whether they are otherwise concerned with the matters, to which they usually reply that they favour only the truth<br />
<br />
* "vizt" is an abbreviation for "videlicet", which means "namely" or "to wit"<br />
<br />
- See [[MarineLives Transcription %26 Editorial Policy: Draft Five#head-be5685577563c118489e37c25ac531f70fbf9d4a|Contractions and Suspensions]] in [[MarineLives Transcription & Editorial Policy: Draft Five|MarineLives Transcription & Editorial Policy: Draft Five]] for other abbreviations (both contractions and suspensions) and the correct way to expand them in your transcription work<br />
<br />
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==QUERIES FROM IAN COWLEY==<br />
<br />
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<br />
==QUERIES FROM COLIN GREENSTREET==<br />
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===13/09/12===<br />
<br />
* Does anyone know what "dennage" means, and what the related to be "Dennys" for goods means.<br />
<br />
- See:<br />
<br />
19. And this Rendent did often urge the sayd Masters to be gone, and one of them<br />
20. vizt William Shrotch sayd positively he would not till he had further order<br />
21. from his Owners, which he pretended to expect from Dublin, and refused<br />
22. to signe the bills of lading, pretending he was Master for the shipp, and Dennys<br />
23. for the goods<br />
([http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=681&scripto_doc_page_id=496 HCA 13/71 f.162r P1130491])<br />
----<br />
===Earlier===<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.19v''' Completed by Colin – please would someone check<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.21r''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.22v P1080930'''<br />
<br />
- Line 3: "hee saith he ćannot depose"<br />
Question: is the acute accent over the "c" or over the "a". This problem is a very frequent one on most manuscript pages<br />
<br />
- Contrast with Line 7: "otherwise he cánnot depose." (HCA 13/71 f.24v P1080934)<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.24r P1080933''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
<br />
- "Samuel Dun of Limehouse in the County of Midds Mariner late cheife<br />
masters mate and Steevador on board the shipp Thomas Bonadventure<br />
Capt Hughes Commander the voyage in question, aged 36 yeares..."<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.24v P1080934''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM EMMA HARDY==<br />
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==QUERIES FROM ALEX JACKSON==<br />
<br />
* '''[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=299&scripto_doc_page_id=288HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365]''' Started by Alex - Please refer to the first line: Have I got the name 'Currans' correct? Also, can anyone work out what the word immediately infront of it is? Is it Gulyle? Is this a first name?<br />
- COLIN: "Currans" is correct (= modern "currants": word infront of it is "Gulphe", For examples of the usage of "Currans" and "Currants" see [[Commodities|Commodities]]<br />
<br />
'''[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=299&scripto_doc_page_id=288HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365]''' Started by Alex - Also, attached to the word deposed (apparently attached) on lines 1 and 5 are what appear to be a 'p' and an 'e', but this doesn't work. Might it be 'pre'deposed? If so, could somebody explain why?<br />
- COLIN: The word is indeed "predeposed", and means that the witness has already deposed on the matter, and is referring back to it. Clerks often ommitted the "e" in "pre", writing "prdeposed". Our editiorial convention is to expand the contracted form, inserting the missing letter in italics, as in "pr''e''deposed". For legal commercial terms in HCA documents see [[Legal & Commercial Terms|Legal & Commercial Terms]]<br />
<br />
* '''13/09/12:''' Started by Alex - Please refer to lines 5 and 8 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.70v] and lines 16 and 35 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.82r]. Is the place name Potrao? It continues to look like that to me, but I don't find that name in the section 'Geographical and Place Terms' so I suspect I'm reading it wrong. There is a 'Poltrao' in that section, but I can't see an 'l'. Any suggestions?<br />
- COLIN:<br />
(1) I have looked at lines 5 and 8 of HCA 13/71 f.70v P1130342 and lines 16 and 35 of HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365. In the case of lines 5 and 8 you are misreading: it is "PetraX" with the X either an "o", or possibly an "s"; in the case of lines 16 and 35 it is again "PetraX". In line 16 you can clearly see that it is an "e" if you look three words to the right to "Cesar" (a ship's name", where the "e" of "Cesar" is identical to the "e" of "PetraX"<br />
<br />
(2) See "Poltrao (the Road of ?Poltrao" (HCA 13/73 Part Two))" in [[Geographical and Place Terms#head-511993d3c99719e38a6779073019dacd7178ddb9|Geographical and Place Names: P]]. I have not rechecked my original transcription of "Poltrao", and I may myself have been wrong with this spelling. I suspect this is the same place as your reading of "Potaro", but there are also other spellings<br />
<br />
(3) See also a SKYPE conversation I had today with Jill Wilcox, who had a similar question:<br />
[15:20:08] jill wilcox: Hi colin there a place in the notes for colin week 2 which is transcribed as petras, do you know where this is?<br />
[16:06:33] Colin Greenstreet: It is either Petrao or Petras, and I think it is in the area in the Greek islands called Morea, see: Early nineteenth century description of Venice to Morea and onwards trade (http://bron.wikispot.org/Zante#head-57612aa08d517d203248b1ab90c7ddd144c70a4e)<br />
[16:07:12] Colin Greenstreet: Infact, looking at that URL, I see a place called "Petrasso" . "Currants, it has been observed, are a considerable article of export from the Morea; Petrasso is one of the best ports to ship them from; the fruit is rather larger and more free from and or gravel, than that of either Zante or Corfu. They are shipped in various sized casks, from twenty hundred weight to fifty pounds. The quantity shipped must weight above five hundred weight net, otherwise, they are liable to seizure. The casks are always included in the weight of the fruit, and paid for as such; the Morea currants have the preference in most countries, except England, where the Zante currants are more merchantable."3"<br />
[16:10:47] jill wilcox: karen thought it might be patras which is a place in Greece, and on the coast<br />
[16:11:43] Colin Greenstreet: That is possible. If it is mentioned in the context of currants it is likely to be Petrasso as above, but that could also be the place called Patras Karen has identified"<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''13/09/12:''' Started by Alex - Please refer to lines 22 and 24 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.70v] '. There appear to be brackets in the text. How do I insert this punctuation?<br />
<br />
- COLIN: I presume you mean the curved brackets "(...)" as in the snippet below. I have very occasionally seen square brackets "[..]". I would render curved or square brackets as curved or square brackets. You can type curved brackets straight into the text input box. With square brackets, go to MS-Word and go to Insert Symbol. Find square brackets and insert them into a blank MS-Word document, then copy and paste them into the MarineLives-Transcript text input box. You can zse this Insert Symbol approach via MS-Word for a huge range of characters<br />
<br />
[[File:SNIPPET_HCA_1371_f70v_Lines_22-24.JPG]]<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM DANIEL RICHARDS==<br />
<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM LAURA SEYMOUR==<br />
<br />
===Quay/Key: Images===<br />
<br />
[[File:Key.JPG]]<br />
----<br />
[[File:Key 2.JPG]]<br />
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[[File:Key 3.JPG]]<br />
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===(Great) Dice Key===<br />
<br />
'''LAURA: 19/09/20:''' Hello - am rather stuck on the name of the quay mentioned throughout HCA 13/73 f.199r P1130555 It's quite clear to read, it's just I haven't come across the letter form of the first letter before so have variously guessed at 'Link Key', 'Ynk Key', and 'dice Key' all of which I'm sure are wrong. I've uploaded some examples as 'Key.jpg', 'Key2.jpg', 'Key3.jpg'<br />
and tried to attach them above too but don't know if that worked<br />
<br />
'''COLIN: 20/09/12:''' Laura, the first letter is a '''"d"''' and the word is '''"dice Key"'''. The north and south banks of the River Thames ("River of Thames") were crowded with keys (quays) and wharfs (wharves) in the mid-C17th. I am not exactly sure what the difference was between a key and a wharf.<br />
<br />
'''Great Dice Key''' was the second key to the East of Billingsgate Dock, and ran from the River Thames northwards to Thames Street. See: [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/maps.jsp?map=strype&map_item_id=3645 Strype: Dice Key (Great), Tower Ward] in Old Bailey Online<br />
<br />
It would be excellent if over the next ten or twelve weeks we could synthesise the HCA 13/71 references to London keys and wharfs, produce a Google Map of the references, and use extracts from the HCA cases we transcribe to bring the life on the keys alive. At a minimum there is the potential for a MarineLives-TheShippingNews public blog item, but there is also a potential academic article lurking in there, since this topic is not well researched. There was a whole sub-world of cranemen, wharfingers, warehousemen, boxmen, porters and others around the keys, providing a linear, west to east focus for the city.<br />
<br />
Searches in http://bron.wikispot.org (my personal research wiki which all project associates have access to), using some of the above words (and of course spelling variants) would start to show you and others what sort of primary source material from the mid-C17th is available, especially in Chancery Court documents, inventories, wills, and (to a very small extent) Sir George Oxenden's letters.<br />
<br />
See the following links of possible interest to http://bron.wikispot.org<br />
<br />
[[MRP: 20th March 1662/63%2C Letter from Peter Cooze to Sir GO%2C Ratcliff|20th March 1662/63, Letter from Peter Cooze to Sir GO, Ratcliff]]<br />
<br />
[[MRP: C10/160/47 f. 1|C10/160/47 f. 1]]<br />
<br />
...ivered at the sewall certaine wharfes at Woolwich Dartford or Dep ... ered att any of the aforemenconned Wharfes of Woolwich Dartford or Dep ... and upon some (or one of the sayd Wharfes) And by the said S:r Willia ... yder and lodged in the said sewall wharfes being about the Latter end ... eight fetched from the said sewall Wharfes all such ffaggotts as the s ... brought out of the said Woods and wharfes ??these yo:r Orator// //af ... ad fetched away// //from the said wharfes within the said yeare of ou ... nd receiveing from the said sewall wharfes such or such like quantitie ... of the said S.r William Ryder not wharfing the said ffaggotts in time ... om// //the said woods to the said wharfes soe long after the said con ... references to their conflicts with ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: HCA 13/126|HCA 13/126]]<br />
<br />
...hter was near the lower Chalk wharf, on the Kentish side of the r ... river of Thames neere lower Chalke wharfe about halfe a mile from Grav ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: C5/485/75 Inventory of M:r Thomas Gaskins yard ff. 1-7|C5/485/75 Inventory of M:r Thomas Gaskins yard ff. 1-7]]<br />
<br />
... timber being stored upon the wharf. The technical vocabulary us ... :6 peece// //Oaken baulks upon the wharfe// //Beame of a ould ship: Oa ... , 1926))]] //Oaken Baukes upon the wharfe// //Beam of a ship old oake/ ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: Nathaniel Letten will|Nathaniel Letten will]]<br />
<br />
...se in the waterhouse of Brokenwharfe Eldest daughter Susanna Lett ... ece of ground where one was A Cole wharfe where is Decreed by the Judg ... Seaventy and one Which houses and wharfe I give aunto my eldest sonne ... ree Leases in Durham Yard the Cole wharfe In possession of James Gatto ... te way goeing downe to M:r Huttons wharfe also the house on the left h ... hand leading downe to the said Colewharfe As by the Deceree of the Jud ... nne John Letten I hould Three Cranewharfe the Remainder of a lease of ... dred sixty and eight which was the wharfe where one formerly lived Wil ... taine time to pay that same or the wharfe became absolute which was no ... absolute which was not done ditto wharfe is at present lett at a hund ... e Lease of the waterhouse of Broken ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: The Custom%27s house|The Custom's house]]<br />
----<br />
===Ralphs Key, London===<br />
<br />
COLIN: '''Ralphs Key''':<br />
<br />
"4 The 14th of July 1656<br />
5. On the behalf of the XXXX)<br />
6. Henry Harling Wharfinger of Ralphs key<br />
7. London, aged 27 yeares or thereabouts sworne before<br />
8. the right Worshipfull John Godolphon doctor of lawe"<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=807&scripto_doc_page_id=833 HCA 13/71 f.300v P1130760]</ref><br />
<br />
4 shilling sin the pounds data, 1693/94: City of London, Tower Ward, Ralphs Key Precinct<ref>City of London, Tower Ward, Ralphs Key Precinct, [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=20270 Derek Keene, Peter Earle, Craig Spence and Janet Barnes (eds.), Four Shillings In The Pound Aid 1693/4: The City of London, the City of Westminster, and Metropolitan Middlesex (1992)], viewed 23/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM TOMMY WALTERS==</div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=Team_Colin&diff=72342Team Colin2012-09-23T20:23:51Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Team Colin'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
23/08/12: CSG, created page<br />
----<br />
__TOC__<br />
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==Suggested links==<br />
<br />
[[Page log|Page log]]<br />
[[Team Jill|Team Jill]]<br />
[[Team William|Team William]]<br />
[[Team Giovanni/Patrizia|Team Giovanni/Patrizia]]<br />
<br />
[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/category/team-colin/ MarineLives-Transcript: Team Colin]<br />
<br />
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==Tasks for the week==<br />
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===Week commencing 20th August 2012===<br />
<br />
* '''19/08/12:''' Uploaded four images (HCA 13/71 f.19r, f.19v, f.20r, f.21r)<br />
<br />
- These are images for palaeography practise by all MarineLives team members<br />
<br />
* '''22/08/12:''' Uploaded twenty seven images (HCA 13/71 f.21v-f.34v)<br />
<br />
- These are additional images for palaeography practise by all MarineLives team members<br />
<br />
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===Week commencing 30th August 2012===<br />
<br />
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===Week commencing 3rd September 2012===<br />
<br />
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<br />
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===Week commencing 10th September 2012===<br />
<br />
====Notes and help for Colin week 2 HCA 13/71 f.80r to HCA 13/71 f.89r====<br />
<br />
Below you can find some slides with common names, places, ships, and words that come up in this set of documents. You can also find an alphabet made from clippings from that set of documents.<br />
----<br />
=====Alphabet=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2alphabet.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Names=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2names.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Places=====<br />
<br />
'''10/09/12:''' Mathalagoe in slide below is possibly "Nathalagoe" (Colin Greenstreet)<br />
- Can an associate or a facilitator find it on a map and identify what the modern name is for this place?<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2places.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
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=====Ships=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2ships.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Common Words=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2commonwords.png|thumbnail|800px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2reced.png|right]]<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2freight.png|right]]<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing September 17th (week two of transcription)===<br />
----<br />
====Interesting places====<br />
<br />
'''Horsey down'''<br />
<br />
Horsey down appears in a law suit over the failure to pay the wages of the shipwrights and shipcarpenters for the repair of a ship called the Swan (formerly the Satisfaction) The boat was being repaired at the personal wharf of John Mayor: "his key is neer the horsey downe new staires", which was on the Thames. ([http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=363&scripto_doc_page_id=447 HCA 13/71 f.138r P1130442])<br />
<br />
But where was or is Horsey down?<br />
<br />
* There is a modern Horsey down in Wiltshire, but the one in HCA 13/71 f.138r is clearly on the Thames. Looking at John Strype's Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster helps us focus our search. The online academic edition of Strype's book is easily searchable, and yields the following entry:<br />
<br />
"''The TEMPORAL GOVERNMENT. [Maiors and Sheriffs.]<br />
A.D. 1683. } { Peter Daniel, Haberdasher.<br />
35 Car' II. } Sheriffs, [ [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/images/figures/book5_150_image1.jpg Click here to view Image of coat of arms, Sir William Pritchard] ] { Sam. Dashwood, Vintner.<br />
MAIOR, Sir William Pritchard, Mercht. Taylor,<br />
Son of Francis Pritchard of Horsey-Down in Southwark, Surrey.''"<ref>Strype, Survey of London (1720), [online] (hriOnline, Sheffield). Available from:- http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book5_150&display=normal Accessed 18.9.2012</ref><br />
<br />
* Knowing that Horsey down, or "Horsey-down", was in Southwark, helps a lot with the next search, which yields the following entry on an online numismatic site called 'British Farthings'<br />
<br />
"''Horslydown (or Horsey Down): So called from its having been used as a grazing place for horses''"<ref>http://www.britishfarthings.com/Tokens/17th-Century/Southwark/Horslydown.html, accessed 18/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
The farthings listed under this entry include:<br />
<br />
"''W267: Southwark, Horslydown (or Horsey Down) (Farthing): (1657)<br />
O Three sailors<br />
AT YE 3 MARRINERS IN<br />
R R S S<br />
HORSSE DOWNE 1657 R S S''"<br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
"''W271: Southwark, Horslydown (or Horsey Down) (Farthing): (Date Unknown)<br />
O [Blank]<br />
THE GREEN MAN AT<br />
R W T V<br />
HORSEN DOWNE STARES W T V''"<br />
<br />
The second farthing, with its mention of "Horsen downe stares", together with the maritime theme of the first farthing, suggests that at least part of Horsey down was on the River Thames (as was suggested in the extract from HCA 13/71 f.138r, which started this search ("his key is neer the horsey downe new staires")<br />
<br />
* Now to some secondary sources.<br />
<br />
Edward Walford in volume 6 of Old and New London (London, 1878) provides a description of Tooley Street, in Bermondsey, Southwark. This is available at British History online.<ref>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45269, accessed 18/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
Reading this entry, it is soon apparent that prior to 1733, Horsey down, also known as Horselydown, was a district of the Southwark parish of St. Olaves. St. Olaves church being located on the north side of Tooley Street. Following the building of its own church in 1732, Horsey down became an independent parish, known as the parish of St. John.<br />
<br />
Walford, reviewing early seventeenth century accounts of the derivation of the name, includes the observation:<br />
<br />
"''speaking of the derivation of the name of Horselydown, the author of "A New View of London" (1708), remarks: "This street, as I was told by a sober counsellor at law, who said he had it from an old record, was so called for that the water, formerly overflowing it, was so effectually drawn off that the place became a green field, where horses and other cattle used to pasture and lye down before the street was built." Near it, as we further learn from the same work, was Horselydown Fair Street, described as a considerable street, between Paris Street, Tooley Street, and Five Foot Lane, Southwark.''"<br />
<br />
<u>Modern map of Tooley Street</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Tooley_Street_Horsey_Down_Southwark_180912.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
<br />
""St Christopher neere the Stocks""<br />
Thomas Coclough in HCA 13/73 f.199r P1130555 is from 'the parish of St Christoper neere the stocks' - I think this might be the Church 'St Christopher Le Stocks' which stood in Threadneedle Street until 1781. The church fell foul of the Great Fire of London and was rebuilt by Christopher Wren in 1680. In 1781, the parish of St Christopher's was merged by Act of Parliament with the parish of a nearby church St Margaret's so that the church of St Christopher could be removed to make way for the expansion of the neighbouring building housing the Bank of England. This was quite thankless on the Bank of England's part as in 1780 the church of St Christopher seems to have been used as a makeshift garrison to protect the Bank of England during the Gordon riots. The Church seems to have been named due to its proximity to Cheapside's stocks. Laura.<br />
<br />
----<br />
====Interesting people====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
====Interesting commodities====<br />
<br />
----<br />
==TIPS from Colin==<br />
----<br />
===TIP: Snipping images of difficult words and phrases and sending by SKYPE to your team facilitator or fellow team mate===<br />
<br />
'''TIP: Did you know that you can use Microsoft's nifty SNIPPING TOOL to snip out a word, or phrase, form the digital image of the manuscript page you are looking at and then send it via SKYPE to your team facilitator or to a fellow team mate to get their view on the problem?'''<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Snipping_Tool_Horsey_Down_180912.png]]<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Snip_Via_SKYPE_180912.png]]<br />
<br />
Here is what you do.<br />
<br />
(1) Open Snipping Tool (which comes as standard with MS-Windows)<br />
<br />
(2) Highlight the word or phrase you want to share and copy it using the snip tool<br />
<br />
(3) Open a chat box in SKYPE with the person or persons you want to share it with and simply paste it into the box with CTRL + V<br />
<br />
(4) The snipped image is then sent to the person or persons you have invited to look at it. They click on SAVE IMAGE in the SKYPE box, look at the image, and type into the Chat box what they see.<br />
<br />
This has saved me, Jill Wilcox and William Tullett hours as we have been improving our palaeographical skills over the last few weeks.<br />
<br />
----<br />
===TIP: Common words which may prove difficult===<br />
<br />
* Contest; precontest<br />
<br />
* Rendent<br />
<br />
* y:t (transcribe this as "that")<br />
<br />
* y:m (transcribe this as "them")<br />
<br />
----<br />
===TIP: Legal language===<br />
<br />
* Note that you answer to an interrogatory, but depose to the articles of an allegation (allon)<br />
<br />
* Note that deponents are often asked whether they have an interest in the cause and whether they are otherwise concerned with the matters, to which they usually reply that they favour only the truth<br />
<br />
* "vizt" is an abbreviation for "videlicet", which means "namely" or "to wit"<br />
<br />
- See [[MarineLives Transcription %26 Editorial Policy: Draft Five#head-be5685577563c118489e37c25ac531f70fbf9d4a|Contractions and Suspensions]] in [[MarineLives Transcription & Editorial Policy: Draft Five|MarineLives Transcription & Editorial Policy: Draft Five]] for other abbreviations (both contractions and suspensions) and the correct way to expand them in your transcription work<br />
<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM IAN COWLEY==<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==QUERIES FROM COLIN GREENSTREET==<br />
----<br />
===13/09/12===<br />
<br />
* Does anyone know what "dennage" means, and what the related to be "Dennys" for goods means.<br />
<br />
- See:<br />
<br />
19. And this Rendent did often urge the sayd Masters to be gone, and one of them<br />
20. vizt William Shrotch sayd positively he would not till he had further order<br />
21. from his Owners, which he pretended to expect from Dublin, and refused<br />
22. to signe the bills of lading, pretending he was Master for the shipp, and Dennys<br />
23. for the goods<br />
([http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=681&scripto_doc_page_id=496 HCA 13/71 f.162r P1130491])<br />
----<br />
===Earlier===<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.19v''' Completed by Colin – please would someone check<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.21r''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.22v P1080930'''<br />
<br />
- Line 3: "hee saith he ćannot depose"<br />
Question: is the acute accent over the "c" or over the "a". This problem is a very frequent one on most manuscript pages<br />
<br />
- Contrast with Line 7: "otherwise he cánnot depose." (HCA 13/71 f.24v P1080934)<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.24r P1080933''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
<br />
- "Samuel Dun of Limehouse in the County of Midds Mariner late cheife<br />
masters mate and Steevador on board the shipp Thomas Bonadventure<br />
Capt Hughes Commander the voyage in question, aged 36 yeares..."<br />
<br />
* '''HCA 13/71 f.24v P1080934''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM EMMA HARDY==<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM ALEX JACKSON==<br />
<br />
* '''[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=299&scripto_doc_page_id=288HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365]''' Started by Alex - Please refer to the first line: Have I got the name 'Currans' correct? Also, can anyone work out what the word immediately infront of it is? Is it Gulyle? Is this a first name?<br />
- COLIN: "Currans" is correct (= modern "currants": word infront of it is "Gulphe", For examples of the usage of "Currans" and "Currants" see [[Commodities|Commodities]]<br />
<br />
'''[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=299&scripto_doc_page_id=288HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365]''' Started by Alex - Also, attached to the word deposed (apparently attached) on lines 1 and 5 are what appear to be a 'p' and an 'e', but this doesn't work. Might it be 'pre'deposed? If so, could somebody explain why?<br />
- COLIN: The word is indeed "predeposed", and means that the witness has already deposed on the matter, and is referring back to it. Clerks often ommitted the "e" in "pre", writing "prdeposed". Our editiorial convention is to expand the contracted form, inserting the missing letter in italics, as in "pr''e''deposed". For legal commercial terms in HCA documents see [[Legal & Commercial Terms|Legal & Commercial Terms]]<br />
<br />
* '''13/09/12:''' Started by Alex - Please refer to lines 5 and 8 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.70v] and lines 16 and 35 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.82r]. Is the place name Potrao? It continues to look like that to me, but I don't find that name in the section 'Geographical and Place Terms' so I suspect I'm reading it wrong. There is a 'Poltrao' in that section, but I can't see an 'l'. Any suggestions?<br />
- COLIN:<br />
(1) I have looked at lines 5 and 8 of HCA 13/71 f.70v P1130342 and lines 16 and 35 of HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365. In the case of lines 5 and 8 you are misreading: it is "PetraX" with the X either an "o", or possibly an "s"; in the case of lines 16 and 35 it is again "PetraX". In line 16 you can clearly see that it is an "e" if you look three words to the right to "Cesar" (a ship's name", where the "e" of "Cesar" is identical to the "e" of "PetraX"<br />
<br />
(2) See "Poltrao (the Road of ?Poltrao" (HCA 13/73 Part Two))" in [[Geographical and Place Terms#head-511993d3c99719e38a6779073019dacd7178ddb9|Geographical and Place Names: P]]. I have not rechecked my original transcription of "Poltrao", and I may myself have been wrong with this spelling. I suspect this is the same place as your reading of "Potaro", but there are also other spellings<br />
<br />
(3) See also a SKYPE conversation I had today with Jill Wilcox, who had a similar question:<br />
[15:20:08] jill wilcox: Hi colin there a place in the notes for colin week 2 which is transcribed as petras, do you know where this is?<br />
[16:06:33] Colin Greenstreet: It is either Petrao or Petras, and I think it is in the area in the Greek islands called Morea, see: Early nineteenth century description of Venice to Morea and onwards trade (http://bron.wikispot.org/Zante#head-57612aa08d517d203248b1ab90c7ddd144c70a4e)<br />
[16:07:12] Colin Greenstreet: Infact, looking at that URL, I see a place called "Petrasso" . "Currants, it has been observed, are a considerable article of export from the Morea; Petrasso is one of the best ports to ship them from; the fruit is rather larger and more free from and or gravel, than that of either Zante or Corfu. They are shipped in various sized casks, from twenty hundred weight to fifty pounds. The quantity shipped must weight above five hundred weight net, otherwise, they are liable to seizure. The casks are always included in the weight of the fruit, and paid for as such; the Morea currants have the preference in most countries, except England, where the Zante currants are more merchantable."3"<br />
[16:10:47] jill wilcox: karen thought it might be patras which is a place in Greece, and on the coast<br />
[16:11:43] Colin Greenstreet: That is possible. If it is mentioned in the context of currants it is likely to be Petrasso as above, but that could also be the place called Patras Karen has identified"<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''13/09/12:''' Started by Alex - Please refer to lines 22 and 24 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.70v] '. There appear to be brackets in the text. How do I insert this punctuation?<br />
<br />
- COLIN: I presume you mean the curved brackets "(...)" as in the snippet below. I have very occasionally seen square brackets "[..]". I would render curved or square brackets as curved or square brackets. You can type curved brackets straight into the text input box. With square brackets, go to MS-Word and go to Insert Symbol. Find square brackets and insert them into a blank MS-Word document, then copy and paste them into the MarineLives-Transcript text input box. You can zse this Insert Symbol approach via MS-Word for a huge range of characters<br />
<br />
[[File:SNIPPET_HCA_1371_f70v_Lines_22-24.JPG]]<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM DANIEL RICHARDS==<br />
<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM LAURA SEYMOUR==<br />
<br />
===Quay/Key: Images===<br />
<br />
[[File:Key.JPG]]<br />
----<br />
[[File:Key 2.JPG]]<br />
----<br />
[[File:Key 3.JPG]]<br />
----<br />
===(Great) Dice Key===<br />
<br />
'''LAURA: 19/09/20:''' Hello - am rather stuck on the name of the quay mentioned throughout HCA 13/73 f.199r P1130555 It's quite clear to read, it's just I haven't come across the letter form of the first letter before so have variously guessed at 'Link Key', 'Ynk Key', and 'dice Key' all of which I'm sure are wrong. I've uploaded some examples as 'Key.jpg', 'Key2.jpg', 'Key3.jpg'<br />
and tried to attach them above too but don't know if that worked<br />
<br />
'''COLIN: 20/09/12:''' Laura, the first letter is a '''"d"''' and the word is '''"dice Key"'''. The north and south banks of the River Thames ("River of Thames") were crowded with keys (quays) and wharfs (wharves) in the mid-C17th. I am not exactly sure what the difference was between a key and a wharf.<br />
<br />
'''Great Dice Key''' was the second key to the East of Billingsgate Dock, and ran from the River Thames northwards to Thames Street. See: [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/maps.jsp?map=strype&map_item_id=3645 Strype: Dice Key (Great), Tower Ward] in Old Bailey Online<br />
<br />
It would be excellent if over the next ten or twelve weeks we could synthesise the HCA 13/71 references to London keys and wharfs, produce a Google Map of the references, and use extracts from the HCA cases we transcribe to bring the life on the keys alive. At a minimum there is the potential for a MarineLives-TheShippingNews public blog item, but there is also a potential academic article lurking in there, since this topic is not well researched. There was a whole sub-world of cranemen, wharfingers, warehousemen, boxmen, porters and others around the keys, providing a linear, west to east focus for the city.<br />
<br />
Searches in http://bron.wikispot.org (my personal research wiki which all project associates have access to), using some of the above words (and of course spelling variants) would start to show you and others what sort of primary source material from the mid-C17th is available, especially in Chancery Court documents, inventories, wills, and (to a very small extent) Sir George Oxenden's letters.<br />
<br />
See the following links of possible interest to http://bron.wikispot.org<br />
<br />
[[MRP: 20th March 1662/63%2C Letter from Peter Cooze to Sir GO%2C Ratcliff|20th March 1662/63, Letter from Peter Cooze to Sir GO, Ratcliff]]<br />
<br />
[[MRP: C10/160/47 f. 1|C10/160/47 f. 1]]<br />
<br />
...ivered at the sewall certaine wharfes at Woolwich Dartford or Dep ... ered att any of the aforemenconned Wharfes of Woolwich Dartford or Dep ... and upon some (or one of the sayd Wharfes) And by the said S:r Willia ... yder and lodged in the said sewall wharfes being about the Latter end ... eight fetched from the said sewall Wharfes all such ffaggotts as the s ... brought out of the said Woods and wharfes ??these yo:r Orator// //af ... ad fetched away// //from the said wharfes within the said yeare of ou ... nd receiveing from the said sewall wharfes such or such like quantitie ... of the said S.r William Ryder not wharfing the said ffaggotts in time ... om// //the said woods to the said wharfes soe long after the said con ... references to their conflicts with ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: HCA 13/126|HCA 13/126]]<br />
<br />
...hter was near the lower Chalk wharf, on the Kentish side of the r ... river of Thames neere lower Chalke wharfe about halfe a mile from Grav ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: C5/485/75 Inventory of M:r Thomas Gaskins yard ff. 1-7|C5/485/75 Inventory of M:r Thomas Gaskins yard ff. 1-7]]<br />
<br />
... timber being stored upon the wharf. The technical vocabulary us ... :6 peece// //Oaken baulks upon the wharfe// //Beame of a ould ship: Oa ... , 1926))]] //Oaken Baukes upon the wharfe// //Beam of a ship old oake/ ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: Nathaniel Letten will|Nathaniel Letten will]]<br />
<br />
...se in the waterhouse of Brokenwharfe Eldest daughter Susanna Lett ... ece of ground where one was A Cole wharfe where is Decreed by the Judg ... Seaventy and one Which houses and wharfe I give aunto my eldest sonne ... ree Leases in Durham Yard the Cole wharfe In possession of James Gatto ... te way goeing downe to M:r Huttons wharfe also the house on the left h ... hand leading downe to the said Colewharfe As by the Deceree of the Jud ... nne John Letten I hould Three Cranewharfe the Remainder of a lease of ... dred sixty and eight which was the wharfe where one formerly lived Wil ... taine time to pay that same or the wharfe became absolute which was no ... absolute which was not done ditto wharfe is at present lett at a hund ... e Lease of the waterhouse of Broken ...<br />
<br />
[[MRP: The Custom%27s house|The Custom's house]]<br />
----<br />
===Ralphs Key, London===<br />
<br />
COLIN: '''Ralphs Key''':<br />
<br />
"4 The 14th of July 1656<br />
5. On the behalf of the XXXX)<br />
6. Henry Harling Wharfinger of Ralphs key<br />
7. London, aged 27 yeares or thereabouts sworne before<br />
8. the right Worshipfull John Godolphon doctor of lawe"<ref>[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=807&scripto_doc_page_id=833 HCA 13/71 f.300v P1130760]</ref><br />
<br />
4 shilling sin the pounds data, 1693/94: City of London, Tower Ward, Ralphs Key Precinct<ref>City of London, Tower Ward, Ralphs Key Precinct, [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=20270 Derek Keene, Peter Earle, Craig Spence and Janet Barnes (eds.), Four Shillings In The Pound Aid 1693/4: The City of London, the City of Westminster, and Metropolitan Middlesex (1992)], viewed 23/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
==QUERIES FROM TOMMY WALTERS==</div>Lauraseymourhttp://www.marinelives.org/index.php?title=Team_Colin&diff=72334Team Colin2012-09-19T19:44:52Z<p>Lauraseymour: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Team Colin'''<br />
<br />
'''Editorial history'''<br />
<br />
23/08/12: CSG, created page<br />
----<br />
__TOC__<br />
----<br />
==Suggested links==<br />
<br />
[[Page log|Page log]]<br />
[[Team Jill|Team Jill]]<br />
[[Team William|Team William]]<br />
[[Team Giovanni/Patrizia|Team Giovanni/Patrizia]]<br />
<br />
[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/category/team-colin/ MarineLives-Transcript: Team Colin]<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Tasks for the week==<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 20th August 2012===<br />
<br />
* '''19/08/12:''' Uploaded four images (HCA 13/71 f.19r, f.19v, f.20r, f.21r)<br />
<br />
- These are images for palaeography practise by all MarineLives team members<br />
<br />
* '''22/08/12:''' Uploaded twenty seven images (HCA 13/71 f.21v-f.34v)<br />
<br />
- These are additional images for palaeography practise by all MarineLives team members<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 30th August 2012===<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 3rd September 2012===<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing 10th September 2012===<br />
<br />
====Notes and help for Colin week 2 HCA 13/71 f.80r to HCA 13/71 f.89r====<br />
<br />
Below you can find some slides with common names, places, ships, and words that come up in this set of documents. You can also find an alphabet made from clippings from that set of documents.<br />
----<br />
=====Alphabet=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2alphabet.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Names=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2names.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Places=====<br />
<br />
'''10/09/12:''' Mathalagoe in slide below is possibly "Nathalagoe" (Colin Greenstreet)<br />
- Can an associate or a facilitator find it on a map and identify what the modern name is for this place?<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2places.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Ships=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2ships.png|thumbnail|800px|none]]<br />
----<br />
=====Common Words=====<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2commonwords.png|thumbnail|800px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2reced.png|right]]<br />
<br />
[[File:colinweek2freight.png|right]]<br />
----<br />
===Week commencing September 17th (week two of transcription)===<br />
----<br />
====Interesting places====<br />
<br />
'''Horsey down'''<br />
<br />
Horsey down appears in a law suit over the failure to pay the wages of the shipwrights and shipcarpenters for the repair of a ship called the Swan (formerly the Satisfaction) The boat was being repaired at the personal wharf of John Mayor: "his key is neer the horsey downe new staires", which was on the Thames. ([http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=363&scripto_doc_page_id=447 HCA 13/71 f.138r P1130442])<br />
<br />
But where was or is Horsey down?<br />
<br />
* There is a modern Horsey down in Wiltshire, but the one in HCA 13/71 f.138r is clearly on the Thames. Looking at John Strype's Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster helps us focus our search. The online academic edition of Strype's book is easily searchable, and yields the following entry:<br />
<br />
"''The TEMPORAL GOVERNMENT. [Maiors and Sheriffs.]<br />
A.D. 1683. } { Peter Daniel, Haberdasher.<br />
35 Car' II. } Sheriffs, [ [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/images/figures/book5_150_image1.jpg Click here to view Image of coat of arms, Sir William Pritchard] ] { Sam. Dashwood, Vintner.<br />
MAIOR, Sir William Pritchard, Mercht. Taylor,<br />
Son of Francis Pritchard of Horsey-Down in Southwark, Surrey.''"<ref>Strype, Survey of London (1720), [online] (hriOnline, Sheffield). Available from:- http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book5_150&display=normal Accessed 9.9.2005</ref><br />
<br />
* Knowing that Horsey down, or "Horsey-down", was in Southwark, helps a lot with the next search, which yields the following entry on an online numismatic site called 'British Farthings'<br />
<br />
"''Horslydown (or Horsey Down): So called from its having been used as a grazing place for horses''"<ref>http://www.britishfarthings.com/Tokens/17th-Century/Southwark/Horslydown.html, accessed 18/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
The farthings listed under this entry include:<br />
<br />
"''W267: Southwark, Horslydown (or Horsey Down) (Farthing): (1657)<br />
O Three sailors<br />
AT YE 3 MARRINERS IN<br />
R R S S<br />
HORSSE DOWNE 1657 R S S''"<br />
<br />
and<br />
<br />
"''W271: Southwark, Horslydown (or Horsey Down) (Farthing): (Date Unknown)<br />
O [Blank]<br />
THE GREEN MAN AT<br />
R W T V<br />
HORSEN DOWNE STARES W T V''"<br />
<br />
The second farthing, with its mention of "Horsen downe stares", together with the maritime theme of the first farthing, suggests that at least part of Horsey down was on the River Thames (as was suggested in the extract from HCA 13/71 f.138r, which started this search ("his key is neer the horsey downe new staires")<br />
<br />
* Now to some secondary sources.<br />
<br />
Edward Walford in volume 6 of Old and New London (London, 1878) provides a description of Tooley Street, in Bermondsey, Southwark. This is available at British History online.<ref>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45269, accessed 18/09/12</ref><br />
<br />
Reading this entry, it is soon apparent that prior to 1733, Horsey down, also known as Horselydown, was a district of the Southwark parish of St. Olaves. St. Olaves church being located on the north side of Tooley Street. Following the building of its own church in 1732, Horsey down became an independent parish, known as the parish of St. John.<br />
<br />
Walford, reviewing early seventeenth century accounts of the derivation of the name, includes the observation:<br />
<br />
"''speaking of the derivation of the name of Horselydown, the author of "A New View of London" (1708), remarks: "This street, as I was told by a sober counsellor at law, who said he had it from an old record, was so called for that the water, formerly overflowing it, was so effectually drawn off that the place became a green field, where horses and other cattle used to pasture and lye down before the street was built." Near it, as we further learn from the same work, was Horselydown Fair Street, described as a considerable street, between Paris Street, Tooley Street, and Five Foot Lane, Southwark.''"<br />
<br />
<u>Modern map of Tooley Street</u><br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Tooley_Street_Horsey_Down_Southwark_180912.JPG|thumbnail|600px|none]]<br />
----<br />
====Interesting people====<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
====Interesting commodities====<br />
<br />
----<br />
==TIPS from Colin==<br />
----<br />
===TIP: Snipping images of difficult words and phrases and sending by SKYPE to your team facilitator or fellow team mate===<br />
<br />
'''TIP: Did you know that you can use Microsoft's nifty SNIPPING TOOL to snip out a word, or phrase, form the digital image of the manuscript page you are looking at and then send it via SKYPE to your team facilitator or to a fellow team mate to get their view on the problem?'''<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Snipping_Tool_Horsey_Down_180912.png]]<br />
<br />
[[File:CAPTURE_Snip_Via_SKYPE_180912.png]]<br />
<br />
Here is what you do.<br />
<br />
(1) Open Snipping Tool (which comes as standard with MS-Windows)<br />
<br />
(2) Highlight the word or phrase you want to share and copy it using the snip tool<br />
<br />
(3) Open a chat box in SKYPE with the person or persons you want to share it with and simply paste it into the box with CTRL + V<br />
<br />
(4) The snipped image is then sent to the person or persons you have invited to look at it. They click on SAVE IMAGE in the SKYPE box, look at the image, and type into the Chat box what they see.<br />
<br />
This has saved me, Jill Wilcox and William Tullett hours as we have been improving our palaeographical skills over the last few weeks.<br />
<br />
----<br />
===TIP: Common words which may prove difficult===<br />
<br />
* Contest; precontest<br />
<br />
* Rendent<br />
<br />
* y:t (transcribe this as "that")<br />
<br />
* y:m (transcribe this as "them")<br />
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===TIP: Legal language===<br />
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* Note that you answer to an interrogatory, but depose to the articles of an allegation (allon)<br />
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* Note that deponents are often asked whether they have an interest in the cause and whether they are otherwise concerned with the matters, to which they usually reply that they favour only the truth<br />
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* "vizt" is an abbreviation for "videlicet", which means "namely" or "to wit"<br />
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- See [[MarineLives Transcription %26 Editorial Policy: Draft Five#head-be5685577563c118489e37c25ac531f70fbf9d4a|Contractions and Suspensions]] in [[MarineLives Transcription & Editorial Policy: Draft Five|MarineLives Transcription & Editorial Policy: Draft Five]] for other abbreviations (both contractions and suspensions) and the correct way to expand them in your transcription work<br />
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==QUERIES FROM IAN COWLEY==<br />
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==QUERIES FROM COLIN GREENSTREET==<br />
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===13/09/12===<br />
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* Does anyone know what "dennage" means, and what the related to be "Dennys" for goods means.<br />
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- See:<br />
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19. And this Rendent did often urge the sayd Masters to be gone, and one of them<br />
20. vizt William Shrotch sayd positively he would not till he had further order<br />
21. from his Owners, which he pretended to expect from Dublin, and refused<br />
22. to signe the bills of lading, pretending he was Master for the shipp, and Dennys<br />
23. for the goods<br />
([http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=681&scripto_doc_page_id=496 HCA 13/71 f.162r P1130491])<br />
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===Earlier===<br />
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* '''HCA 13/71 f.19v''' Completed by Colin – please would someone check<br />
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* '''HCA 13/71 f.21r''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
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* '''HCA 13/71 f.22v P1080930'''<br />
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- Line 3: "hee saith he ćannot depose"<br />
Question: is the acute accent over the "c" or over the "a". This problem is a very frequent one on most manuscript pages<br />
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- Contrast with Line 7: "otherwise he cánnot depose." (HCA 13/71 f.24v P1080934)<br />
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* '''HCA 13/71 f.24r P1080933''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
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- "Samuel Dun of Limehouse in the County of Midds Mariner late cheife<br />
masters mate and Steevador on board the shipp Thomas Bonadventure<br />
Capt Hughes Commander the voyage in question, aged 36 yeares..."<br />
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* '''HCA 13/71 f.24v P1080934''' Started by Colin - please would someone finish<br />
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==QUERIES FROM EMMA HARDY==<br />
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==QUERIES FROM ALEX JACKSON==<br />
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* '''[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=299&scripto_doc_page_id=288HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365]''' Started by Alex - Please refer to the first line: Have I got the name 'Currans' correct? Also, can anyone work out what the word immediately infront of it is? Is it Gulyle? Is this a first name?<br />
- COLIN: "Currans" is correct (= modern "currants": word infront of it is "Gulphe", For examples of the usage of "Currans" and "Currants" see [[Commodities|Commodities]]<br />
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'''[http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=299&scripto_doc_page_id=288HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365]''' Started by Alex - Also, attached to the word deposed (apparently attached) on lines 1 and 5 are what appear to be a 'p' and an 'e', but this doesn't work. Might it be 'pre'deposed? If so, could somebody explain why?<br />
- COLIN: The word is indeed "predeposed", and means that the witness has already deposed on the matter, and is referring back to it. Clerks often ommitted the "e" in "pre", writing "prdeposed". Our editiorial convention is to expand the contracted form, inserting the missing letter in italics, as in "pr''e''deposed". For legal commercial terms in HCA documents see [[Legal & Commercial Terms|Legal & Commercial Terms]]<br />
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* '''13/09/12:''' Started by Alex - Please refer to lines 5 and 8 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.70v] and lines 16 and 35 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.82r]. Is the place name Potrao? It continues to look like that to me, but I don't find that name in the section 'Geographical and Place Terms' so I suspect I'm reading it wrong. There is a 'Poltrao' in that section, but I can't see an 'l'. Any suggestions?<br />
- COLIN:<br />
(1) I have looked at lines 5 and 8 of HCA 13/71 f.70v P1130342 and lines 16 and 35 of HCA 13/71 f.82r P1130365. In the case of lines 5 and 8 you are misreading: it is "PetraX" with the X either an "o", or possibly an "s"; in the case of lines 16 and 35 it is again "PetraX". In line 16 you can clearly see that it is an "e" if you look three words to the right to "Cesar" (a ship's name", where the "e" of "Cesar" is identical to the "e" of "PetraX"<br />
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(2) See "Poltrao (the Road of ?Poltrao" (HCA 13/73 Part Two))" in [[Geographical and Place Terms#head-511993d3c99719e38a6779073019dacd7178ddb9|Geographical and Place Names: P]]. I have not rechecked my original transcription of "Poltrao", and I may myself have been wrong with this spelling. I suspect this is the same place as your reading of "Potaro", but there are also other spellings<br />
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(3) See also a SKYPE conversation I had today with Jill Wilcox, who had a similar question:<br />
[15:20:08] jill wilcox: Hi colin there a place in the notes for colin week 2 which is transcribed as petras, do you know where this is?<br />
[16:06:33] Colin Greenstreet: It is either Petrao or Petras, and I think it is in the area in the Greek islands called Morea, see: Early nineteenth century description of Venice to Morea and onwards trade (http://bron.wikispot.org/Zante#head-57612aa08d517d203248b1ab90c7ddd144c70a4e)<br />
[16:07:12] Colin Greenstreet: Infact, looking at that URL, I see a place called "Petrasso" . "Currants, it has been observed, are a considerable article of export from the Morea; Petrasso is one of the best ports to ship them from; the fruit is rather larger and more free from and or gravel, than that of either Zante or Corfu. They are shipped in various sized casks, from twenty hundred weight to fifty pounds. The quantity shipped must weight above five hundred weight net, otherwise, they are liable to seizure. The casks are always included in the weight of the fruit, and paid for as such; the Morea currants have the preference in most countries, except England, where the Zante currants are more merchantable."3"<br />
[16:10:47] jill wilcox: karen thought it might be patras which is a place in Greece, and on the coast<br />
[16:11:43] Colin Greenstreet: That is possible. If it is mentioned in the context of currants it is likely to be Petrasso as above, but that could also be the place called Patras Karen has identified"<br />
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* '''13/09/12:''' Started by Alex - Please refer to lines 22 and 24 on [http://marinelives-transcript.org/scripto/scripto/?scripto_action=transcribe&scripto_doc_id=296&scripto_doc_page_id=264 HCA 13/71 f.70v] '. There appear to be brackets in the text. How do I insert this punctuation?<br />
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- COLIN: I presume you mean the curved brackets "(...)" as in the snippet below. I have very occasionally seen square brackets "[..]". I would render curved or square brackets as curved or square brackets. You can type curved brackets straight into the text input box. With square brackets, go to MS-Word and go to Insert Symbol. Find square brackets and insert them into a blank MS-Word document, then copy and paste them into the MarineLives-Transcript text input box. You can zse this Insert Symbol approach via MS-Word for a huge range of characters<br />
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[[File:SNIPPET_HCA_1371_f70v_Lines_22-24.JPG]]<br />
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==QUERIES FROM DANIEL RICHARDS==<br />
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==QUERIES FROM LAURA SEYMOUR==<br />
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Hello - am rather stuck on the name of the quay mentioned throughout HCA 13/73 f.199r P1130555 It's quite clear to read, it's just I haven't come across the letter form of the first letter before so have variously guessed at 'Link Key', 'Ynk Key', and 'dice Key' all of which I'm sure are wrong. I've uploaded some examples as 'Key.jpg', 'Key2.jpg', 'Key3.jpg'<br />
and tried to attach them below too but don't know if that worked [[File:Key 3.JPG]] [[File:Key 2.JPG]] [[File:Key.JPG]]<br />
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==QUERIES FROM TOMMY WALTERS==</div>Lauraseymour